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(12.8%). Hook worm was found in 6 2% and Trichuns in 5.2% of the children surveyed (Reddy et aL,1998). (ii) Indian scenario In India, studies have shown that the prevalence is generally higher in children when compared to adults as in most developing countries (Khan et e1.,1988, Anonymous,l987; Baveja and Kaur,1987; Sharma and Mahadik.1988). Paras~tic infections are also more common in rural areas (Nagoba et a1.,1992). The overall prevalence in different parts of India varies from 16.8% to 62.3% (Baveja and Kaur,l987; Sharma and Mahadik.1988). Some studies have revealed a higher prevalence of protozoan parasites than intestinal helminths (Baveja and Kaur,1987, Sharma and Mahadik.1988). According to Sharma and Mahad~k (1988), In rural Rajasthan, the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica was 17.5% and Giardia 27.2%, while that of both Ascans and Enterobius was 0.9% each. Baveja and Kaur (1987) have also reported a h~gher prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica (10 0%) and Giardia (7.5%) than Ascaris (1.4%) and Ankylostoma (1.2%) in Delhi. In ~ ral West Bengal, Saha et a/. (1993) found a prevalence of 34.8% of Ascaris. 8.3% of hookworm, 29.2% of Giadia and only 6.9% of Entamoeba histolytica. A study from Kamataka also revealed a high prevalence of 46.9% for hookworm, 43.8% for Trichuns and 8 4% for Ascaris (Subbannaya et a1.,1989) The prevalence of Ascaris, hookworm and Trichuns ~n rural Pondcherry was 10.1%, 4.8% and 5.4% respectrvely. In urban Pondicherry the correspondtng prevalence rates were 1.8%, 0.2% and 2.8% respectively (Reddy and Venkateavaralu, 1992).
lb) Anemia (i) Global scenario Nutritional anemia is a global problem. It has been estimated that 1.3 billion individuals all over the world were affected by anemia. The prevalence in developed countries IS about 8 OOh, whereas in developing countries it is as high as 30.090 (United Nattons,1992). Young children and women in reproductive age group are most affected by anemia. It shows a higher prevalence among people of LSES than people of USES. Iron deficiency anemia decreases resistance to infection and tmpalrs physical work capacity (Viteri and Torun,1974; Srikantia et a1.,1976; Edgerton et a/, 1979, Basta et a1.,1979, Sathyanarayana et a1.1990). It has been estimated that nearly 200 mllllon preschool and school age ch~ldren have learning dlsablllty and perform suboptimally as a result of anemia (United Nat1ons.1992). (11) lndtan scenarlo Large populat~on surveys carr~ed out In lnd~a ~ndlcate that anemla IS prevalent ~n all age groups of the lnd~an populat~on It 1s h~gher ~n the rural areas as compared to urban areas (Bhaskaram 1995) In some areas the prevalence was as h~gh as 65 0%-75 0% (Kanant 1995) It IS prevalent In gtrls of both USES and LSES as shown by Kapoor and Aneja (1992) He observed that anemla was present In 46 6% and 56 0% glrls from the USES and LSES respect~vely Anemta was also a slgnlf~cant problem tn school boys ~n whom the prevalence was between 45 0%-55 0% (Anonymous 1982) Hookwotrn 1s known to be an lrnportant cause of anemla The prevalence of anemla IS expected to be hlgh In places where hookworm lnfestatlon IS also wtdely prevalent as
Page 1 and 2: A Case Study of the Health, Educati
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT "No man is an island
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS CHAPTER PAQE No. I. INTROD
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION The children of today
Page 9 and 10: phase, there is maximum educational
Page 11 and 12: Apart from the health and education
Page 13 and 14: Jims Jnd Objectives
Page 15 and 16: (c) To study the diet pattern of ch
Page 17 and 18: OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN This chapt
Page 19 and 20: 3.2 Definltlon of age group for the
Page 21 and 22: (11) Pedlatrlcs Inpatlent ward => O
Page 27 and 28: - Study Qrea Qnd Demography
Page 29 and 30: 4.22 Itrfreslructun, The village is
Page 31 and 32: and India, is given in Table 4.1. O
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 4.1 AGE AND GENDER SPECIFlC D
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD
Page 39: Distributlon of adult village popul
Page 43 and 44: HEALTH STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
Page 45 and 46: of chronic illnesses in children le
Page 47 and 48: Bhasin et a1..1990; Gupta et a1..19
Page 49: eported by ttie School Heallh Cell,
Page 53 and 54: serum vitamin A; iii) ophthalmologi
Page 55 and 56: and elimination of iodine deficienc
Page 57 and 58: in 15.7% of the children screened (
Page 59 and 60: 3 Strives to prov~de a healthy envi
Page 61 and 62: nght attitudes and practices. In or
Page 63 and 64: her schooling (XI1 standard) and wa
Page 65 and 66: (iii) Nonparticipant observation No
Page 67 and 68: The height and weight of the chlldr
Page 69 and 70: 5 3.2 Organization of date and anal
Page 71 and 72: eflection of the lower enrollment r
Page 73 and 74: ecommended and the actual intake of
Page 75 and 76: (11) Causes Change of water cold fo
Page 77 and 78: The mean duration of fever was 3.6(
Page 79 and 80: annual ~nc~dence being 6211,000 chi
Page 81 and 82: were all unanimous In saying that t
Page 83 and 84: chlldren from socioeconomically bac
Page 85 and 86: Le generally lower than the values
Page 87 and 88: health problem in school age childr
Page 89 and 90: p91d tltero is widespread use of io
Page 91 and 92: worms spontaneously formed In the s
Page 93: MORBIDITY PATTERN m S= S Year oi pu
Page 97 and 98: 1ABLE 5.3 PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN A D
Page 99 and 100: I'HKVAl.H.NC'lr. O W ItIIIIIIMA I I
Page 101 and 102:
METHODS OF SNDY USED FOR DIFFERENT
Page 103 and 104:
TABLE 5.8 B ISSUES ADDRESSED BY DWF
Page 105 and 106:
TABLE 5.8 B (continued) ISSUES ADDR
Page 107 and 108:
TABLE 5.10 A COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
Page 109 and 110:
TABLE 5.10 C COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
Page 111 and 112:
COMPARISON OF MEAN INTAKE OF THIAMI
Page 113 and 114:
COMPARlSON OF MEAN INTAKE OF PROTEI
Page 115 and 116:
TABLE 5.11D COMPARISON OF MEAN INTA
Page 119 and 120:
TABLE 5.13 PHKVALLNC'R OF UIFQEUEN'
Page 121:
TABLE 5.15 COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE
Page 124 and 125:
TABLE 5.19 PREVALENCE OF NUTRITIONA
Page 126 and 127:
TABLE 5.22 PREVALENCE OF %FECTIOUS
Page 128 and 129:
TABLE 5.23 (continued) COMPARISON O
Page 130 and 131:
TABLE 5.25 ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF DlFF
Page 132 and 133:
TABLE 5.28 ( OMPARISON OF SPEC'IRII
Page 134 and 135:
TABLE 5.29 COMPARISON OF REPORTED S
Page 140 and 141:
TABLE 5.33 BY THE PARAMEDICAI. WORK
Page 142 and 143:
FIGURE 5.2 Comparison of age and ge
Page 144 and 145:
FIGURE 5.5 Monthly variation in the
Page 146 and 147:
FIGURE 5.6 Comparlson of age specif
Page 148 and 149:
FIGURE 5.10 Age specific body mass
Page 150:
FIGURE 5.14 Prevalence of important
Page 157 and 158:
EDUCATION STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHIL
Page 159 and 160:
6.2.2 Indian Scenario (8) Literact
Page 161 and 162:
32.5% for girls and 15.9% for boys
Page 163 and 164:
summary tables givlng details of th
Page 165 and 166:
namely school records and census It
Page 167 and 168:
school butldlng should be better Th
Page 169 and 170:
(iii) Proportion of children in the
Page 171 and 172:
8, "During groundnut picking season
Page 173 and 174:
6.4.3 Dropout @) Maanitude and ~att
Page 175 and 176:
C, Case Studies Case N0.l Dhanalaks
Page 177 and 178:
,haracter of ch~ldren and help them
Page 179 and 180:
Researchers have not been able to c
Page 181 and 182:
allage, local fesbvals and funct~on
Page 183 and 184:
TABLE 6.3 PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS REACH
Page 185 and 186:
TABLE 6.4 (continued) ('OMPAHISON O
Page 187 and 188:
I TABLE 6.5 A (continued) ' USED FO
Page 189 and 190:
1 TABLE 6.5 B (continued) ISSUES AD
Page 191 and 192:
TABLE 6.8 ('OMPARISON OP CAUSKS OF
Page 193 and 194:
TABLE 6.10 COMPARISON OF CAUSES OF
Page 195 and 196:
TABLE 6.12 COMPARISON OF CAllSES OF
Page 197 and 198:
FIGURE 6.1 Literacy rates in female
Page 199 and 200:
FIGURE 6.3 Comparison of age and ge
Page 201 and 202:
FIGURE 6.5 Comparison of proportion
Page 203 and 204:
FIGURE 6.7 Dropout pattern in glrls
Page 210 and 211:
SOCIAL STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
Page 212 and 213:
tremendous Increase in the enrollme
Page 214 and 215:
children had lower contact rates th
Page 216 and 217:
female ch~ldren showed that between
Page 218 and 219:
was felt that more information coul
Page 220 and 221:
detalls of the~r actlv~ties In the
Page 222 and 223:
sectlon For each Issue, the observa
Page 224 and 225:
"eglected the smaller of the twlns
Page 226 and 227:
many (53 1%) preferred to take them
Page 228 and 229:
(11) Data from tertiary care hospit
Page 230 and 231:
so However, some (22 5O/0) were w~l
Page 232 and 233:
(i~) Cohort 3 In the cohort, 54 out
Page 234 and 235:
(i) Work The daily actlvlty pattern
Page 236 and 237:
not interfere with a girl's educati
Page 238 and 239:
The following are some of the state
Page 240 and 241:
was collected from 99 familles The
Page 242 and 243:
on the Issue of school age g~rls (U
Page 244 and 245:
een found that in some parts of the
Page 246 and 247:
48 0% In glrls and 52 0% In boys Th
Page 248 and 249:
as an excuse to stop thelr girls fr
Page 250 and 251:
stud~es compared to boys, although
Page 252 and 253:
TABLE 7.1 A METHOD OF STUDY USED FO
Page 254 and 255:
I TABLE 7.1 A (continued) METHOD OF
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 7.1 B(conthued) \IPllIOIfi I
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 7.1 B(coatlnued) ISSUES ADDRE
Page 260 and 261:
TABLE 7.2 A RELATIVE DISTRlBUTION O
Page 262 and 263:
TABLE 7.3 COMPARISON OF TIME INTERV
Page 264 and 265:
TABLE 7.6 COMPARISON OF DAILY ACTIV
Page 266 and 267:
TABLE 7.8 COMPARISON OF COST ALLOCA
Page 268 and 269:
TABLE 7.10 ( O~~PARISON OF ANNUAL c
Page 270 and 271:
TABLE 7.12 A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL R
Page 272 and 273:
FIGURE 7.1 Distribution of daily ac
Page 274 and 275:
FIGURE 7.3 Distribution of work pat
Page 279 and 280:
Summary And Concliusions
Page 281 and 282:
data for certaln Issues were obtaln
Page 283 and 284:
(ii) Other epidemiological methods
Page 285 and 286:
VHN and PHC records I. The records
Page 287 and 288:
expected the school to do everyth~n
Page 289 and 290:
stopplng from school They felt that
Page 291 and 292:
jc) Health care and the air1 child
Page 293 and 294:
Data from Government Chest Clinic,
Page 295 and 296:
hlgher than In boys, the difference
Page 297 and 298:
(lv) Cost of household consumption
Page 300 and 301:
RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the flndln
Page 302 and 303:
9.4 Recommondatins for future resea
Page 304 and 305:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayit~wnl, V K . Agntwo
Page 306 and 307:
Bamji. M.S.. Sarma. R.K.V.. Radhaia
Page 308 and 309:
Bundy, D.A.P., Guyatt, H.L. (1996).
Page 310 and 311:
Ghildiyal. R., Desai. B.N.. Joshi.
Page 312 and 313:
Kapoor, G., Aneja, S. (1992). Nutri
Page 314 and 315:
Nagoba. B.S.. Basutkar, S.H.. Bhat.
Page 316 and 317:
Ramakrlshnan, R.. Rao. T.V . Prasad
Page 318 and 319:
Sharma, R.G., Mishra. Y.C., Vennal,
Page 320 and 321:
Umeh. R.E.. Chijloke, C.P.. Okonkwo
Page 323:
* Not to be Rlled In the fleld " Co
Page 327 and 328:
School children-Girl Chlld S.A Form
Page 329 and 330:
School children Girl child S.A ID.
Page 331 and 332:
Form to be filled up during follow
Page 333 and 334:
h. I'arliril,nlio~~ ill 1111usrhol
Page 335:
.%A / WirJa 11. as! tad uq.& ~a .WA
Page 343:
6. jlb na,/J s- Sr .?ud;~O3unmn~t 0
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