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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Summary 8.1. f Objectlves, methodology and study area This comprehensive case study was a~med at assessing the health, education and social status of school age children w~th emphasis on the girl child. The various Issues addressed under the health component were, nutrition, spectrum of illnesses and their causes in school age children, and health seeking patlern. As regards education, the aspects addressed were, importance of education, school absenteeism, and school dropout Under the social component, gender preference in having children, nutrition and health care to the girl child, education and the girl child, daily activity pattern in ch~ldren, influence of menarche on the girl ch~ld, and marriage were considered Analysis included the cost involved in household consumption, givlng health care and education to children, and celebrating tmportant soc~al functions like attainment of puberty, maniage and first childbirth to a girl in the family. While school age was defined to be between 5-15 years of age, the girl child was considered to be between 5-20 years of age as per the defin~tion In the Nat~onal workshop on the girl child (Mukhejee,l991). Most of the data were collected from Kedar, a village in Villupuram district, state of Tamil Nadu, South India. The total population of the vlllage was 3,068 w~th a sex ratio of 1,004. Of the village population, 21.8% was between 515 yean of age. The villagers were mostly landless agricultural laborers, cultivators and weaven. Additional
data for certaln Issues were obtalned from a tertlary care hosp~tal (JIPMER) and Govemment Chest Cllnlc, both of which are located at Pondlcherry, a town In South lndla Ethnograph~c and other epldem~ologlcal methods were used to collect data The ethnographic technlques Included qual~tattve methods such as fours group dlscusslons, In-depth ~nterwews, key Informant Interview, nonparllclpant observation, case stud~es, and structured ~nterwew (a quantltattve method) Other ep~dem~olog~cal techn~ques ~ncluded data collected at the tlme of census from the study nllage, cross sect~onal morbldlty survey In school, cohort study, records In the PHC and those malntalned by the VHN The above were from the study nllage From the tert~ary care hospital (JIPMER), data on spectrum of illness and health seeking behanor In both acute and chron~c ~llness were collected, and from the Govemment Chest Cllnlc, data on the treatment recelved for tuberculos~s by chlldren were collected The study was conducted between May. 1995 and Apr11,1998 The summary of the flndlngs IS presented below 8.1.2 Health [a) Nutrition (I) Ethnographic methods Both adults and ch~ldren ate the same type of food No speual food was cooked for the ch~ldren The staple d~et of the people was nce
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A Case Study of the Health, Educati
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT "No man is an island
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CONTENTS CHAPTER PAQE No. I. INTROD
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INTRODUCTION The children of today
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phase, there is maximum educational
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Apart from the health and education
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Jims Jnd Objectives
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(c) To study the diet pattern of ch
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OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN This chapt
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3.2 Definltlon of age group for the
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(11) Pedlatrlcs Inpatlent ward => O
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- Study Qrea Qnd Demography
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4.22 Itrfreslructun, The village is
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and India, is given in Table 4.1. O
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TABLE 4.1 AGE AND GENDER SPECIFlC D
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TABLE 4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD
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Distributlon of adult village popul
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HEALTH STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
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of chronic illnesses in children le
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Bhasin et a1..1990; Gupta et a1..19
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eported by ttie School Heallh Cell,
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lb) Anemia (i) Global scenario Nutr
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serum vitamin A; iii) ophthalmologi
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and elimination of iodine deficienc
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in 15.7% of the children screened (
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3 Strives to prov~de a healthy envi
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nght attitudes and practices. In or
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her schooling (XI1 standard) and wa
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(iii) Nonparticipant observation No
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The height and weight of the chlldr
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5 3.2 Organization of date and anal
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eflection of the lower enrollment r
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ecommended and the actual intake of
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(11) Causes Change of water cold fo
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The mean duration of fever was 3.6(
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annual ~nc~dence being 6211,000 chi
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were all unanimous In saying that t
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chlldren from socioeconomically bac
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Le generally lower than the values
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health problem in school age childr
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p91d tltero is widespread use of io
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worms spontaneously formed In the s
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MORBIDITY PATTERN m S= S Year oi pu
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1ABLE 5.3 PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN A D
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I'HKVAl.H.NC'lr. O W ItIIIIIIMA I I
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METHODS OF SNDY USED FOR DIFFERENT
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TABLE 5.8 B ISSUES ADDRESSED BY DWF
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TABLE 5.8 B (continued) ISSUES ADDR
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TABLE 5.10 A COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
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TABLE 5.10 C COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
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COMPARISON OF MEAN INTAKE OF THIAMI
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COMPARlSON OF MEAN INTAKE OF PROTEI
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TABLE 5.11D COMPARISON OF MEAN INTA
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TABLE 5.13 PHKVALLNC'R OF UIFQEUEN'
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TABLE 5.15 COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE
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TABLE 5.19 PREVALENCE OF NUTRITIONA
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TABLE 5.22 PREVALENCE OF %FECTIOUS
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TABLE 5.23 (continued) COMPARISON O
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TABLE 5.25 ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF DlFF
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TABLE 5.28 ( OMPARISON OF SPEC'IRII
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TABLE 5.29 COMPARISON OF REPORTED S
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TABLE 5.33 BY THE PARAMEDICAI. WORK
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FIGURE 5.2 Comparison of age and ge
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FIGURE 5.5 Monthly variation in the
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FIGURE 5.6 Comparlson of age specif
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FIGURE 5.10 Age specific body mass
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FIGURE 5.14 Prevalence of important
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EDUCATION STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHIL
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6.2.2 Indian Scenario (8) Literact
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32.5% for girls and 15.9% for boys
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summary tables givlng details of th
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namely school records and census It
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school butldlng should be better Th
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(iii) Proportion of children in the
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8, "During groundnut picking season
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6.4.3 Dropout @) Maanitude and ~att
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C, Case Studies Case N0.l Dhanalaks
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,haracter of ch~ldren and help them
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Researchers have not been able to c
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allage, local fesbvals and funct~on
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TABLE 6.3 PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS REACH
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TABLE 6.4 (continued) ('OMPAHISON O
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I TABLE 6.5 A (continued) ' USED FO
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1 TABLE 6.5 B (continued) ISSUES AD
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TABLE 6.8 ('OMPARISON OP CAUSKS OF
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TABLE 6.10 COMPARISON OF CAUSES OF
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TABLE 6.12 COMPARISON OF CAllSES OF
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FIGURE 6.1 Literacy rates in female
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FIGURE 6.3 Comparison of age and ge
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FIGURE 6.5 Comparison of proportion
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FIGURE 6.7 Dropout pattern in glrls
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SOCIAL STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
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tremendous Increase in the enrollme
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children had lower contact rates th
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female ch~ldren showed that between
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was felt that more information coul
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detalls of the~r actlv~ties In the
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sectlon For each Issue, the observa
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"eglected the smaller of the twlns
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many (53 1%) preferred to take them
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(11) Data from tertiary care hospit
Page 230 and 231: so However, some (22 5O/0) were w~l
Page 232 and 233: (i~) Cohort 3 In the cohort, 54 out
Page 234 and 235: (i) Work The daily actlvlty pattern
Page 236 and 237: not interfere with a girl's educati
Page 238 and 239: The following are some of the state
Page 240 and 241: was collected from 99 familles The
Page 242 and 243: on the Issue of school age g~rls (U
Page 244 and 245: een found that in some parts of the
Page 246 and 247: 48 0% In glrls and 52 0% In boys Th
Page 248 and 249: as an excuse to stop thelr girls fr
Page 250 and 251: stud~es compared to boys, although
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 7.1 A METHOD OF STUDY USED FO
Page 254 and 255: I TABLE 7.1 A (continued) METHOD OF
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 7.1 B(conthued) \IPllIOIfi I
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 7.1 B(coatlnued) ISSUES ADDRE
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 7.2 A RELATIVE DISTRlBUTION O
Page 262 and 263: TABLE 7.3 COMPARISON OF TIME INTERV
Page 264 and 265: TABLE 7.6 COMPARISON OF DAILY ACTIV
Page 266 and 267: TABLE 7.8 COMPARISON OF COST ALLOCA
Page 268 and 269: TABLE 7.10 ( O~~PARISON OF ANNUAL c
Page 270 and 271: TABLE 7.12 A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL R
Page 272 and 273: FIGURE 7.1 Distribution of daily ac
Page 274 and 275: FIGURE 7.3 Distribution of work pat
Page 279: Summary And Concliusions
Page 283 and 284: (ii) Other epidemiological methods
Page 285 and 286: VHN and PHC records I. The records
Page 287 and 288: expected the school to do everyth~n
Page 289 and 290: stopplng from school They felt that
Page 291 and 292: jc) Health care and the air1 child
Page 293 and 294: Data from Government Chest Clinic,
Page 295 and 296: hlgher than In boys, the difference
Page 297 and 298: (lv) Cost of household consumption
Page 300 and 301: RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the flndln
Page 302 and 303: 9.4 Recommondatins for future resea
Page 304 and 305: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayit~wnl, V K . Agntwo
Page 306 and 307: Bamji. M.S.. Sarma. R.K.V.. Radhaia
Page 308 and 309: Bundy, D.A.P., Guyatt, H.L. (1996).
Page 310 and 311: Ghildiyal. R., Desai. B.N.. Joshi.
Page 312 and 313: Kapoor, G., Aneja, S. (1992). Nutri
Page 314 and 315: Nagoba. B.S.. Basutkar, S.H.. Bhat.
Page 316 and 317: Ramakrlshnan, R.. Rao. T.V . Prasad
Page 318 and 319: Sharma, R.G., Mishra. Y.C., Vennal,
Page 320 and 321: Umeh. R.E.. Chijloke, C.P.. Okonkwo
Page 323: * Not to be Rlled In the fleld " Co
Page 327 and 328: School children-Girl Chlld S.A Form
Page 329 and 330: School children Girl child S.A ID.
Page 331 and 332:
Form to be filled up during follow
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h. I'arliril,nlio~~ ill 1111usrhol
Page 335:
.%A / WirJa 11. as! tad uq.& ~a .WA
Page 343:
6. jlb na,/J s- Sr .?ud;~O3unmn~t 0
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