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48 0% In glrls and 52 0% In boys The study also showed no s~gn~f~cant d~fference between glrls and boys e~ther in the overall rnorb~d~ty the health care glven by parents to acutely 111 and chron~cally s~ck chtldren The promptness wlth wixch illness was attended to and the type of treatment glven were essentially the same In both girls and boys For acute tllness, the average delay In seeklng med~cal help was 2 4 days In gtrls and 2 6 days In boys These f~ndtngs suggest that In the study area, girls rece~ved the same attentten as boys wtth respect to curattve health care Considering both the preventive and curatlve aspects of health care the girl ch~ld can be sa~d to have almost equal status as the boy In this part of the country 7.5.4 Education and the girl child In Ind~a, the enrollment rate for glrls has always remained less than that of the boys (UNICEF.1990) Even in states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra which have a high literacy rate, the enrollment rate in girls was lower than boys (Nagpure,l992, Anonymous.1996). Qualitative research in th~s study showed that most of the villagers felt that education was important for girls. However, they were willing to educate them only as long as education was affordable and accessible. While many were willing to spend extra money on their son's education, only some were willing to do so for girls It was found that among children between 520 years of age, less number of glds (05 5"/0) that1 boys (93 4Yo) wore enrolled in sctrool (p < 0 05) It has been observed in many states in India, that g~rls had a lower attendance rate than boys in the primary and middle school levels. Some states l~ke Uttar Pradesh, B~har and Rajasthan showed a very wide d~fference between the genders. The dlf' :rence was lowest in Kerala (UNICEF,1990) In the current study also lt was
observed that the propohon of girls attending pnmary and m~ddle school was s~gnlflcantly less than the proport~on of boys attending the same (pnmary school 75 1% for girls, 00 5"X) lor boys, mrddle school 71 3'h for glrls, 81 7% for boys) Ilownvnr, nt the high school level, the attendance rate In girls and boys were comparable (54 4% vs 52 4% respectively) The fall In attendance rate from m~ddle school to h~gh school was greater In boys than In girls Thls 1s l~kely to be due to lack of senousness w~th respect to stud~es on the part of boys, or, the need for them to contnbute to the Income of the famlly Whereas In the case of glrls, it 1s poss~ble that those who complete rn~ddle school are motrvated to continue wrth the~r educabon (~f they can afford), as they are senous about taklng up jobs The opportun~t~es for jobs for girls are better than before In many parts of lnd~ and the developing world, the dropout rate has been reported to be higher In glrls than in boys (UNICEF,1994a) In Rapsthan, the drop out rate In g~rls was as hlgh as 57 0% (UNICEF,1990) In Maharashtra, it has been reported, that the number of dropouts In g~rls was h~gher than boys at all levels of schooling (Nagpure,l992) In Tam11 Nadu, the dropout rate In girls (17 0%) was marginally h~gher than boys (14 9%, Anonymous,l996) In the study wllage, although the dropout rate In glrls (20 9%) was h~gher than boys (16 6%), the d~fference was not statlstlcally s~gn~f~cant (p > 0 05) The causes of dropout were however d~fferent for girls and boys Poverty was the most common cause for dropout In girls, whlle lack of Interest and poor performance were the chlef causes of dropout In boys Qual~tatlve research showed that most often boys stopped going to school on thelr own due to lack of motlvatlon and the deslre to earn, whrle girls were stopped because the parents could not afford or they were requlred for domestlc help Menarche was not an Important cause of dropout Occasionally, parents who could not afford, used ~t
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A Case Study of the Health, Educati
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT "No man is an island
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CONTENTS CHAPTER PAQE No. I. INTROD
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INTRODUCTION The children of today
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phase, there is maximum educational
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Apart from the health and education
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Jims Jnd Objectives
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(c) To study the diet pattern of ch
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OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN This chapt
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3.2 Definltlon of age group for the
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(11) Pedlatrlcs Inpatlent ward => O
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- Study Qrea Qnd Demography
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4.22 Itrfreslructun, The village is
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and India, is given in Table 4.1. O
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TABLE 4.1 AGE AND GENDER SPECIFlC D
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TABLE 4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD
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Distributlon of adult village popul
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HEALTH STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
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of chronic illnesses in children le
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Bhasin et a1..1990; Gupta et a1..19
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eported by ttie School Heallh Cell,
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lb) Anemia (i) Global scenario Nutr
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serum vitamin A; iii) ophthalmologi
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and elimination of iodine deficienc
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in 15.7% of the children screened (
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3 Strives to prov~de a healthy envi
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nght attitudes and practices. In or
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her schooling (XI1 standard) and wa
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(iii) Nonparticipant observation No
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The height and weight of the chlldr
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5 3.2 Organization of date and anal
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eflection of the lower enrollment r
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ecommended and the actual intake of
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(11) Causes Change of water cold fo
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The mean duration of fever was 3.6(
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annual ~nc~dence being 6211,000 chi
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were all unanimous In saying that t
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chlldren from socioeconomically bac
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Le generally lower than the values
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health problem in school age childr
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p91d tltero is widespread use of io
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worms spontaneously formed In the s
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MORBIDITY PATTERN m S= S Year oi pu
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1ABLE 5.3 PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN A D
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I'HKVAl.H.NC'lr. O W ItIIIIIIMA I I
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METHODS OF SNDY USED FOR DIFFERENT
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TABLE 5.8 B ISSUES ADDRESSED BY DWF
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TABLE 5.8 B (continued) ISSUES ADDR
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TABLE 5.10 A COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
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TABLE 5.10 C COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
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COMPARISON OF MEAN INTAKE OF THIAMI
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COMPARlSON OF MEAN INTAKE OF PROTEI
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TABLE 5.11D COMPARISON OF MEAN INTA
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TABLE 5.13 PHKVALLNC'R OF UIFQEUEN'
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TABLE 5.15 COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE
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TABLE 5.19 PREVALENCE OF NUTRITIONA
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TABLE 5.22 PREVALENCE OF %FECTIOUS
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TABLE 5.23 (continued) COMPARISON O
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TABLE 5.25 ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF DlFF
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TABLE 5.28 ( OMPARISON OF SPEC'IRII
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TABLE 5.29 COMPARISON OF REPORTED S
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TABLE 5.33 BY THE PARAMEDICAI. WORK
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FIGURE 5.2 Comparison of age and ge
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FIGURE 5.5 Monthly variation in the
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FIGURE 5.6 Comparlson of age specif
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FIGURE 5.10 Age specific body mass
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FIGURE 5.14 Prevalence of important
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EDUCATION STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHIL
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6.2.2 Indian Scenario (8) Literact
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32.5% for girls and 15.9% for boys
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summary tables givlng details of th
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namely school records and census It
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school butldlng should be better Th
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(iii) Proportion of children in the
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8, "During groundnut picking season
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6.4.3 Dropout @) Maanitude and ~att
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C, Case Studies Case N0.l Dhanalaks
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,haracter of ch~ldren and help them
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Researchers have not been able to c
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allage, local fesbvals and funct~on
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TABLE 6.3 PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS REACH
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TABLE 6.4 (continued) ('OMPAHISON O
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I TABLE 6.5 A (continued) ' USED FO
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1 TABLE 6.5 B (continued) ISSUES AD
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TABLE 6.8 ('OMPARISON OP CAUSKS OF
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TABLE 6.10 COMPARISON OF CAUSES OF
Page 195 and 196: TABLE 6.12 COMPARISON OF CAllSES OF
Page 197 and 198: FIGURE 6.1 Literacy rates in female
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 6.3 Comparison of age and ge
Page 201 and 202: FIGURE 6.5 Comparison of proportion
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 6.7 Dropout pattern in glrls
Page 210 and 211: SOCIAL STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
Page 212 and 213: tremendous Increase in the enrollme
Page 214 and 215: children had lower contact rates th
Page 216 and 217: female ch~ldren showed that between
Page 218 and 219: was felt that more information coul
Page 220 and 221: detalls of the~r actlv~ties In the
Page 222 and 223: sectlon For each Issue, the observa
Page 224 and 225: "eglected the smaller of the twlns
Page 226 and 227: many (53 1%) preferred to take them
Page 228 and 229: (11) Data from tertiary care hospit
Page 230 and 231: so However, some (22 5O/0) were w~l
Page 232 and 233: (i~) Cohort 3 In the cohort, 54 out
Page 234 and 235: (i) Work The daily actlvlty pattern
Page 236 and 237: not interfere with a girl's educati
Page 238 and 239: The following are some of the state
Page 240 and 241: was collected from 99 familles The
Page 242 and 243: on the Issue of school age g~rls (U
Page 244 and 245: een found that in some parts of the
Page 248 and 249: as an excuse to stop thelr girls fr
Page 250 and 251: stud~es compared to boys, although
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 7.1 A METHOD OF STUDY USED FO
Page 254 and 255: I TABLE 7.1 A (continued) METHOD OF
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 7.1 B(conthued) \IPllIOIfi I
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 7.1 B(coatlnued) ISSUES ADDRE
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 7.2 A RELATIVE DISTRlBUTION O
Page 262 and 263: TABLE 7.3 COMPARISON OF TIME INTERV
Page 264 and 265: TABLE 7.6 COMPARISON OF DAILY ACTIV
Page 266 and 267: TABLE 7.8 COMPARISON OF COST ALLOCA
Page 268 and 269: TABLE 7.10 ( O~~PARISON OF ANNUAL c
Page 270 and 271: TABLE 7.12 A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL R
Page 272 and 273: FIGURE 7.1 Distribution of daily ac
Page 274 and 275: FIGURE 7.3 Distribution of work pat
Page 279 and 280: Summary And Concliusions
Page 281 and 282: data for certaln Issues were obtaln
Page 283 and 284: (ii) Other epidemiological methods
Page 285 and 286: VHN and PHC records I. The records
Page 287 and 288: expected the school to do everyth~n
Page 289 and 290: stopplng from school They felt that
Page 291 and 292: jc) Health care and the air1 child
Page 293 and 294: Data from Government Chest Clinic,
Page 295 and 296: hlgher than In boys, the difference
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(lv) Cost of household consumption
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the flndln
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9.4 Recommondatins for future resea
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayit~wnl, V K . Agntwo
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Bamji. M.S.. Sarma. R.K.V.. Radhaia
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Bundy, D.A.P., Guyatt, H.L. (1996).
Page 310 and 311:
Ghildiyal. R., Desai. B.N.. Joshi.
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Kapoor, G., Aneja, S. (1992). Nutri
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Nagoba. B.S.. Basutkar, S.H.. Bhat.
Page 316 and 317:
Ramakrlshnan, R.. Rao. T.V . Prasad
Page 318 and 319:
Sharma, R.G., Mishra. Y.C., Vennal,
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Umeh. R.E.. Chijloke, C.P.. Okonkwo
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* Not to be Rlled In the fleld " Co
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School children-Girl Chlld S.A Form
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School children Girl child S.A ID.
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Form to be filled up during follow
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h. I'arliril,nlio~~ ill 1111usrhol
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.%A / WirJa 11. as! tad uq.& ~a .WA
Page 343:
6. jlb na,/J s- Sr .?ud;~O3unmn~t 0
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