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many (53 1%) preferred to take them to a government hospital because ~t was less costly However. for serious ailments, 98.1% said they would go to a private doctor because the care and attention were better and cure was faster. The follow!nQ were some of the statements made in thrs regard :- I. "Whether it is the first child or last child, or a girl or a boy, if any child falls sick, the same attention will be given" (A 39 year old man in a group discussion). Thls mew was expressed by many people, both women and men. 2. How will a mother neglect her child? - All children are ours and we have the same affection for all of them. Even if we have 5 daughters we will give them the same care" (A 36 year old woman in a group discussion) 3. "If we have money we take to the doctor at once. If we don't have money we go to a government hospital" (A 33 year old woman in an in-depth inte~ew). 4. "Who will go to a government hospital?. They are very rude and impolite. If we had money, we will go to private doctor even for minor illness" (A 34 year old woman in a group dlscuss~on). jbl Other ep~dem~oloa~cal methods To study thls Issue of health care data were also collected from the study vlllage dunng cerisus lertlary care tiosp~tal and the Government Chest Cl~nlc. Pond~cherry The results of the data collected from these three sources are descnbed below - (i) Data from rural area 3 Immunization Data collected at the time of Census Out of 503 girls between 5-20 years of age, 426 (84 7%) and 465 (90.1%) out of 516 boys in the same age group were completely immunized The difference was statlstl~ally s~gn~f~cant (p < 0.05).
Cross sectional morbidity survey in school in the school morb~d~ty survey, 217 out of 591 girls (36 7%) and 274 out of 758 boys (36 2%) had evldence of ~mrnun~zat~on w~th BCG vacwne The d~fference between the genders was not statlstlcally slynlflcant (p > 0 05) Cross sectional morbidity survey and cohort study There was no slgnlflcant d~fference In the overall rnorb~d~ty between girls and boys as per school survey and cohort study The average dlsorder per ch~ld ~n the school survey was 2 5 for both girls and boys In the cohort study, the average eplsode of illness per glrl was 1 4lyear and per boy 1 5lyear :> Attention in sickness and type of health care Cross sectional morbidity survey and cohort study It has been ment~oned under the results In the chapter on health (Chapter 5 4), that no s~gn~f~cant d~fference was observed In the type of health care glven to girls and boys as revealed both In the cross sect~onal morb~d~ty survey and In the cohort study Further ~n the cohort study, ~t was observed that 7 out of a total of 127 ep~sodes (5 5%) of Illnesses In girls and 13 out of 179 (7 3%) ep~sodes of lllnesses In boys were glven rnedlcal attent~on after a delay of 2 days from the onset of illness The d~fference was not statlsttcally slgnlflcant (p > 0 05) In the remalnlng chrldren, attention was glven Wlthln 24 hours
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A Case Study of the Health, Educati
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT "No man is an island
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CONTENTS CHAPTER PAQE No. I. INTROD
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INTRODUCTION The children of today
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phase, there is maximum educational
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Apart from the health and education
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Jims Jnd Objectives
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(c) To study the diet pattern of ch
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OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN This chapt
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3.2 Definltlon of age group for the
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(11) Pedlatrlcs Inpatlent ward => O
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- Study Qrea Qnd Demography
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4.22 Itrfreslructun, The village is
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and India, is given in Table 4.1. O
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TABLE 4.1 AGE AND GENDER SPECIFlC D
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TABLE 4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD
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Distributlon of adult village popul
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HEALTH STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
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of chronic illnesses in children le
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Bhasin et a1..1990; Gupta et a1..19
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eported by ttie School Heallh Cell,
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lb) Anemia (i) Global scenario Nutr
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serum vitamin A; iii) ophthalmologi
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and elimination of iodine deficienc
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in 15.7% of the children screened (
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3 Strives to prov~de a healthy envi
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nght attitudes and practices. In or
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her schooling (XI1 standard) and wa
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(iii) Nonparticipant observation No
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The height and weight of the chlldr
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5 3.2 Organization of date and anal
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eflection of the lower enrollment r
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ecommended and the actual intake of
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(11) Causes Change of water cold fo
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The mean duration of fever was 3.6(
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annual ~nc~dence being 6211,000 chi
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were all unanimous In saying that t
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chlldren from socioeconomically bac
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Le generally lower than the values
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health problem in school age childr
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p91d tltero is widespread use of io
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worms spontaneously formed In the s
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MORBIDITY PATTERN m S= S Year oi pu
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1ABLE 5.3 PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN A D
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I'HKVAl.H.NC'lr. O W ItIIIIIIMA I I
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METHODS OF SNDY USED FOR DIFFERENT
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TABLE 5.8 B ISSUES ADDRESSED BY DWF
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TABLE 5.8 B (continued) ISSUES ADDR
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TABLE 5.10 A COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
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TABLE 5.10 C COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
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COMPARISON OF MEAN INTAKE OF THIAMI
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COMPARlSON OF MEAN INTAKE OF PROTEI
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TABLE 5.11D COMPARISON OF MEAN INTA
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TABLE 5.13 PHKVALLNC'R OF UIFQEUEN'
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TABLE 5.15 COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE
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TABLE 5.19 PREVALENCE OF NUTRITIONA
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TABLE 5.22 PREVALENCE OF %FECTIOUS
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TABLE 5.23 (continued) COMPARISON O
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TABLE 5.25 ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF DlFF
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TABLE 5.28 ( OMPARISON OF SPEC'IRII
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TABLE 5.29 COMPARISON OF REPORTED S
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TABLE 5.33 BY THE PARAMEDICAI. WORK
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FIGURE 5.2 Comparison of age and ge
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FIGURE 5.5 Monthly variation in the
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FIGURE 5.6 Comparlson of age specif
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FIGURE 5.10 Age specific body mass
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FIGURE 5.14 Prevalence of important
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EDUCATION STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHIL
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6.2.2 Indian Scenario (8) Literact
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32.5% for girls and 15.9% for boys
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summary tables givlng details of th
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namely school records and census It
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school butldlng should be better Th
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(iii) Proportion of children in the
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8, "During groundnut picking season
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6.4.3 Dropout @) Maanitude and ~att
Page 175 and 176: C, Case Studies Case N0.l Dhanalaks
Page 177 and 178: ,haracter of ch~ldren and help them
Page 179 and 180: Researchers have not been able to c
Page 181 and 182: allage, local fesbvals and funct~on
Page 183 and 184: TABLE 6.3 PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS REACH
Page 185 and 186: TABLE 6.4 (continued) ('OMPAHISON O
Page 187 and 188: I TABLE 6.5 A (continued) ' USED FO
Page 189 and 190: 1 TABLE 6.5 B (continued) ISSUES AD
Page 191 and 192: TABLE 6.8 ('OMPARISON OP CAUSKS OF
Page 193 and 194: TABLE 6.10 COMPARISON OF CAUSES OF
Page 195 and 196: TABLE 6.12 COMPARISON OF CAllSES OF
Page 197 and 198: FIGURE 6.1 Literacy rates in female
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 6.3 Comparison of age and ge
Page 201 and 202: FIGURE 6.5 Comparison of proportion
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 6.7 Dropout pattern in glrls
Page 210 and 211: SOCIAL STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
Page 212 and 213: tremendous Increase in the enrollme
Page 214 and 215: children had lower contact rates th
Page 216 and 217: female ch~ldren showed that between
Page 218 and 219: was felt that more information coul
Page 220 and 221: detalls of the~r actlv~ties In the
Page 222 and 223: sectlon For each Issue, the observa
Page 224 and 225: "eglected the smaller of the twlns
Page 228 and 229: (11) Data from tertiary care hospit
Page 230 and 231: so However, some (22 5O/0) were w~l
Page 232 and 233: (i~) Cohort 3 In the cohort, 54 out
Page 234 and 235: (i) Work The daily actlvlty pattern
Page 236 and 237: not interfere with a girl's educati
Page 238 and 239: The following are some of the state
Page 240 and 241: was collected from 99 familles The
Page 242 and 243: on the Issue of school age g~rls (U
Page 244 and 245: een found that in some parts of the
Page 246 and 247: 48 0% In glrls and 52 0% In boys Th
Page 248 and 249: as an excuse to stop thelr girls fr
Page 250 and 251: stud~es compared to boys, although
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 7.1 A METHOD OF STUDY USED FO
Page 254 and 255: I TABLE 7.1 A (continued) METHOD OF
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 7.1 B(conthued) \IPllIOIfi I
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 7.1 B(coatlnued) ISSUES ADDRE
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 7.2 A RELATIVE DISTRlBUTION O
Page 262 and 263: TABLE 7.3 COMPARISON OF TIME INTERV
Page 264 and 265: TABLE 7.6 COMPARISON OF DAILY ACTIV
Page 266 and 267: TABLE 7.8 COMPARISON OF COST ALLOCA
Page 268 and 269: TABLE 7.10 ( O~~PARISON OF ANNUAL c
Page 270 and 271: TABLE 7.12 A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL R
Page 272 and 273: FIGURE 7.1 Distribution of daily ac
Page 274 and 275: FIGURE 7.3 Distribution of work pat
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Summary And Concliusions
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data for certaln Issues were obtaln
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(ii) Other epidemiological methods
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VHN and PHC records I. The records
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expected the school to do everyth~n
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stopplng from school They felt that
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jc) Health care and the air1 child
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Data from Government Chest Clinic,
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hlgher than In boys, the difference
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(lv) Cost of household consumption
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the flndln
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9.4 Recommondatins for future resea
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayit~wnl, V K . Agntwo
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Bamji. M.S.. Sarma. R.K.V.. Radhaia
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Bundy, D.A.P., Guyatt, H.L. (1996).
Page 310 and 311:
Ghildiyal. R., Desai. B.N.. Joshi.
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Kapoor, G., Aneja, S. (1992). Nutri
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Nagoba. B.S.. Basutkar, S.H.. Bhat.
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Ramakrlshnan, R.. Rao. T.V . Prasad
Page 318 and 319:
Sharma, R.G., Mishra. Y.C., Vennal,
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Umeh. R.E.. Chijloke, C.P.. Okonkwo
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* Not to be Rlled In the fleld " Co
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School children-Girl Chlld S.A Form
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School children Girl child S.A ID.
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Form to be filled up during follow
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h. I'arliril,nlio~~ ill 1111usrhol
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.%A / WirJa 11. as! tad uq.& ~a .WA
Page 343:
6. jlb na,/J s- Sr .?ud;~O3unmn~t 0
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