Das Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung Berlin (ZfL) vergibt ...

Dr. Stefan Willer
stellv. Direktor
willer@zfl-berlin.org
www.zfl-berlin.org
Das Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung Berlin (ZfL) vergibt
zum 1. April 2014
für das Projekt
»Sicherheit und Zukunft: Kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf
Security Studies«
(gefördert von der Gerda Henkel Stiftung)
ein Forschungsstipendium (2.000 Euro monatlich) und
ein Promotionsstipendium (1.400 Euro monatlich)
Die Laufzeit des Projekts beträgt bis zu 24 Monate (Mittelfreigabe zunächst
für ein Jahr; nach Vorlage von Zwischenberichten ist die Verlängerung um
ein weiteres Jahr möglich).
Aufgaben: Bearbeitung der Teilprojekte »Kriegsspiele: Zur Wissens- und
Mediengeschichte militärischer Sicherheitsfiktionen seit 1945«
(Forschungsstipendium) und »Präventionsfantasien: Zur Darstellung von
Sicherheitsdoktrinen in zeitgenössischer Literatur und Film«
(Promotionsstipendium). Neben der Erforschung der Projektthemen ist
engagierte Mitarbeit am kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsprogramm des
ZfL erwünscht.
Voraussetzungen: für das Forschungsstipendium: Dissertation in Medien-/
Kulturwissenschaft, Wissenschaftsgeschichte oder Soziologie; für das
Promotionsstipendium: Master oder Magister in Literatur-/ Kultur-/
Medienwissenschaft.
Im Folgenden ist der Projektantrag wiedergegeben, der auf Englisch bei der
Gerda Henkel Stiftung einzureichen war. Die Arbeitssprache im Projekt
wird Deutsch sein.
Die Erläuterungen zu den ausgeschriebenen Teilprojekten I
(Forschungsstipendium) und III (Promotionsstipendium) verstehen sich als
exemplarische Vorgaben; Änderungen in Fragestellung und Materialbezug
sind möglich.
Bitte senden Sie Ihre Bewerbung (mit Motivationsschreiben, Lebenslauf,
Schriftenverzeichnis sowie einem 3-seitigen Exposé zur Bearbeitung des
jeweiligen Teilprojekts) in einem einzigen pdf-Dokument bis zum 31.
Januar 2014 an direktion@zfl-berlin.org
Kontakt für Rückfragen: PD Dr. Stefan Willer willer@zfl-berlin.org
Geisteswissenschaftliche
Zentren Berlin e.V.
Zentrum für Literatur- und
Kulturforschung
Schützenstr. 18
10117 Berlin
Direktorin
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sigrid Weigel
Bankverbindung
Commerzbank AG
Kto.: 40 967 725 00
BLZ: 120 800 00

Gerda Henkel Foundation, Special Programme Security, Society, and the State
Topic Focus 5: “Security Strategies between Doctrine Formation and Implementation”
Security and the Future:
A Cultural Studies Approach
Applicants: PD Dr. Stefan Willer (Center for Literary and Cultural Research Berlin), PD Dr.
Benjamin Bühler (Center for Literary and Cultural Research Berlin /University of Constance)
1. Problem Statement and Research Interest
Problem Statement
The planned project investigates, from a cultural studies perspective, the connection between
security and futurity. It analyzes the epistemic and cultural presuppositions of ‘security’ by
focusing on I.) military scenarios since 1945, II.) debates on political ecology and risk prevention
since 1970 and III.) representations of security and prevention in contemporary literature
and film. By drawing on these cultural phenomena that have a broad impact on contemporary
Western societies, the project aims to broaden both scientific research and public debate on
security issues.
Concepts as well as practices of security grow from their specific linkages to the future. Just
like the term ‘security’ connotes strategy and planning, the very notion of security is prospective
– prospective in a two-fold manner: For one, ‘security’ denotes our present-day management
to reduce the potential of risk in the future, or to at least prolong the current, assessable
situation into the future. At the same time, the term implies we possess assured knowledge of
the future: It thus assumes a kind of presupposed certainty about the future. However, when it
comes to debates of security within political, economical and technical domains, this presupposition
of a certified knowledge about the future remains largely unheeded, as do its
constitutive, legitimizing and organizing qualities. The role of climate research for the present
debate on climate change can be understood as an example for this blind spot within current
discussions of security issues: Politicians expect concrete statements from climate researchers
concerning future changes of climate and suggestions as to what kind of preventive measures
may be taken. Climate researchers, however, cannot meet these expectations, since they are
only able to deliver prognoses of probability. The social significance of these prognoses lies
precisely in the production and communication of uncertainty (Hulme 2009).
Due to these often unrecognized, varying forms of assumptions about the future and the conflicts
resulting from them, our project aims to investigate, from a cultural studies perspective,
the connection between security and futurity. We will systematically examine the ambivalence
tied to the concept of ‘security’: being secure and being sure. The project’s epistemological
research trajectory thus aims at the issues and questions raised in topic focus 5, “Secu-
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ity Strategies between Doctrine Formation and Implementation.” We plan to address the gap
between strategic principles and their implementation by focusing on a level below the originating
of that gap, that is by revealing the epistemic and cultural presuppositions of these
doctrines. In unveiling these shrouded presuppositions of the implementation process, and
with a thorough analysis of their consequences, we hope to contribute to the debate on present-day
security policy.
Research Interest
The charged bond between doctrines of security and what we consider as ‘knowledge’ of the
future calls for a thorough analysis of the varied forms of this knowledge. The currently prevailing
idea of prevention, for instance, links imaginations of the future with precautionary
action. Utopian and dystopian fictions conceptualize futuristic forms of society, whether they
might be totalitarian or anarchic. Narratives of progress suggest that both our individual security
and security policies are constantly improving, all the while narratives of crisis suggest
the exact opposite: it is the future decline of social organization that calls for higher security
standards now. Thus strategies of security are grounded predominantly in prospective speech
acts like promising or warning, and whether we create diagrams, tables or computer simulations
– all scenarios of the future (or processes extending into the future) are significantly
shaped by the particular media technology and narratives that are used to establish them. Present-day
concepts of security are the result of a historical change of paradigm: From the premodern
notion of an imperturbable world order established by God, to our modern, secularized
form of society, which is marked by uncertainty but also by the possibility to shape and
mold the future (Makropoulos 1997).
In the following we will delineate the focal points of research that shape the project’s design
into three subprojects.
Institutionalization: In systematic and temporal terms, ‘security’ advances as the central category
of governmental and non-governmental institutions. The collective civil transition in the
late 19 th century towards an ‘insurance society’ demonstrates that no longer the state alone
defines what is conceived under the term security, but also life insurance companies and disciplines
like statistics. Insurance policies, which function “as a form of assurance” aim to
“discipline the future” by calculating risk (Ewald 1989, 387). In general, during the course of
the 20 th century sciences like statistics and economy seem to evolve into specialist fields for
anticipating the future, and their prognostications are deemed helpful by political authorities
for their decision making. The military in particular emerges as an institutional guarantor for
security, whether the army is declared, in the 21 st century, as a suitable tool for pursuing the
vision of a peaceful and democratic Middle East – this is the notion with which then-U.S.
president George W. Bush tried to legitimate the war in Iraq –, or whether the “security of the
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Federal Republic of Germany is being defended in the Hindu Kush too,” as the German former
Minister of Defense Peter Struck declared. In this context, Subproject I will concentrate
on military strategies of security and examine how scientific statements, disciplines and protagonists
are incorporated in different security doctrines, and what kind of dynamics arise in
the interstices of military, science and the state.
Interpretative Dominance: The problematic choice of which security policy to follow is often
aggravated when different protagonists display digressing ideas about security in general:
Whether security is understood as a subjective feeling or as an objective condition, whether
the security concern is of technical or political nature etc. – the term remains polyvalent. Thus
on the one hand, security can be seen as a “catch-all term of modern times” adumbrating a
utopian horizon of expectation (Münkler 2010, 22f.) while on the other hand, it can clearly
navigate political agency in a certain direction. A current example in Germany of the latter
case would be the nationally implemented transition towards alternative energy sources in the
wake of the nuclear reactor disaster in Japan’s Fukushima. Here, a current incident in combination
with potential future events led to a turnaround of the political program of a party up
till then supportive of nuclear energy. Several dimensions of meaning and divergent aspects
of security concurred in this situation – technical and economical, social and ecological, personal
and political – all to be integrated due to the prospective nature of the debate. The example
illustrates how the ecological discourse plays a central role in the contemporary conception
of security issues, from the debate on the radiating fallout after nuclear weapons testing
to the debate of climate change. Subproject II will explore the mechanisms of motivation
at play in developing security strategies against the background of ecological issues, with a
clear focus on how these mechanisms contribute to the conflict of interpretative dominance of
the future.
The Regime of Prevention: A special focus of attention will be placed on the degree of social
effectiveness that the linkage between concepts of security and futurity has attained by now.
Whenever human interventions are concerned, the aspect of effect must be considered an integral
part of what we view as ‘knowledge’ about the future. The feedback of all the players
involved in a system contributes to consistently changing that system, and thereby also to
changing the assumed state of the future as it needs to be continually re-aligned. Generated by
science and imparted through various media, our present-day assumptions about the future are
implemented through such feedbacks. This does not only concern the ethical discourse on
‘sustainability’ in economics, ecology and politics, it also applies to the cultural techniques of
prophylaxis and prevention, ranging from medical to military strategies. With respect to the
beginning of the 21 st century it may be justified to think of a veritable regime of prevention, a
regime of preserving the status quo and maintaining the present. In contrast to the vigor of this
situation the historical critique and cultural reflection of the idea of prevention is still in its
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infancy. Subproject III is directed to fill this gap and intends to provide a cultural-historical
study that scrutinizes the cultural imaginations of prevention as sketched in literature and
film.
2. State of Research to Date
Our project follows up on a number of diverse studies within the history of concepts (e.g.
Hamilton 2013) and on sociological studies on the differentiation of concepts (Ewers/Nowotny
1987; Luhmann 2003; Münkler/Bohlender 2010). In contrast and addition to
what these studies offer, our project emphasizes the ambivalence and lack of definition adhering
to the concept of ‘security.’ Our project argues that it is exactly this ambivalence, the
metaphorical character of the term ‘security’ that shapes the discourse on security policy significantly.
In terms of a theoretical discussion of security, François Ewald’s study L’état
providence (1986) is central: Since, as Ewald has shown, social aspects are economized in
today’s state forms, the state discharges its citizens into a life of self-care, leaving them to
their own devices with respect to risk management (Bröckling 2008, 46; cf. Bröckling 2007).
In his comedy Der Untergang der Titanic, Hans-Magnus Enzensberger claims that innovation
is made possible only through the disaster that preceded it. Following this thrust, our project
will take a closer look at studies that discuss the concept of security from an angle of accident
and catastrophe, such as Ulrich Beck’s widely discussed book Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem
Weg in eine andere Moderne (1986), Paul Virilio’s essay L’accident originel (2005), the volume
Die Unordnung der Dinge. Eine Wissens- und Mediengeschichte des Unfalls (2009),
edited by Christian Kassung, or the works by Eva Horn and Claus Pias on the epistemology of
accident in the modern era, on worst case scenarios, and on military knowledge (Horn 2007,
2010, 2011; Pias 2009, 2013). Further groundwork on the topics of effect assessment in technology
and political consultancy has been published by Grunwald (2008, 2012).
Our research on strategies of security will depart methodologically from these studies and
steer along a new path by using the cultural studies methods of finding the historically hidden
aspects of knowledge.
3. Preliminary Studies by the Applicants
Both applicants have been working since October 2010 in the project “Prognostics and Literature,”
which will terminate in December 2013. We have analyzed historical situations of
change from the early modern era to the present, examining the different ways of perspectivation
of the future. Prognostics (literally meaning “pre-knowledge”) is understood here as a
two-sided kind of knowledge: as knowledge about futurity (here ‘future’ takes on the role of
an epistemic object) as well as knowledge in the future (here ‘future’ takes on the role as epistemic
temporality, or epistemic mode, respectively). The results gathered in that project will
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e a vital base for the planned follow-up project, which will focus on the knowledge about the
future implied in security discourses.
The research results of the previous project will be published in an interdisciplinary edition,
Glossar des Zukunftswissen (Munich: Fink, 2014 tbc.). In addition, both applicants are currently
working on a joint literary monograph, Zukünfte der Literatur (Berlin: Kadmos, 2014
tbc.). Further preliminary work includes several essays by both applicants (cf. bibliography).
4. Objective, Methods, and Design of the Project
The planned project will be headed by the applicants, who will also play an integral part in the
actual work in progress on the basis of their preliminary studies (see paragraph 3) and as parts
of their institution, the Berlin based Center for Literary and Cultural Research (Willer: Co-
Director; Bühler: Heisenberg scholar). Stefan Willer will sign responsible for establishing the
theoretical set-up of the project, as well as covering the research in the area of a history of
concepts, tracing the historical semantics and imagery of the term security. He will act as
main coordinator and be in charge of mentoring the dissertation thesis. Benjamin Bühler will
continue to work on his Heisenberg project on Political Ecology, which in terms of topic,
problem and method fits tightly into subproject II of this application.
We are applying for material costs to conduct the project, and for the costs for personnel (stipends)
for two of the three subprojects (Subproject I: postdoc; Subproject III: doctoral student).
Subproject I: War Games. The History of Knowledge and Media in Military Fictions of Security
since 1945
Planning and strategy have always been an integral part of military action; however it is safe
to assume that the expert protagonists involved in strategic planning have also always known
reality to turn out a lot different from their plans. Carl von Clausewitz was the first to establish
the formula of the “friction in war” in this respect. According to him, “the absolute, the
mathematical as it is called, no where finds any sure basis in the calculations in the art of
war.” From the outset there would be a play of possibilities, probabilities, good and bad luck,
which “makes war of all branches of human activity the most like a game of cards.” (Clausewitz
2009, 49 und 22). Clausewitz’ words refer to the conduct of war, yet they might just as
well be applied to military strategies of security. These strategies need to anticipate future
scenarios so that the army or state are rendered capable of acting. In order to be able to react
to the enemy’s motions, his potential actions need to be anticipated, which is why all military
‘knowledge’ of security is fictional in essence (see Horn 2007).
This subproject shall investigate the background for such fictions of security. It analyzes the
strategies of argumentation and simulation, and questions the relation between military-
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strategic planning and political action. As its point of departure, the subproject will focus on
the linkage between futurity research and war scenarios within the empiric futurity research
post 1945, so-called ‘futurology.’ Herman Kahn, an expert for military strategies of the
RAND Corporation at the time, sketched the consequences of a potential nuclear war in his
1960 book On Thermonuclear War. We will scrutinize this key text of security studies to find
out what kind of projection techniques – especially in a quantitative sense – have been used
after World War II to gauge the effects and consequences of certain military actions.
Against the background of these historic scenarios stemming from the Cold War period, we
will inquire in a second step into current military fictions of security. Specifically we will
examine how new forms of enemies – networks, swarms, ‘sleepers’ – call for new techniques
of modeling the future, for example research on the behavior of swarm systems (Horn/Gisi
2009). Swarms are decentralized, self-organized collectives, whose potential conduct cannot
be assessed in terms of simple causalities but may only be devised by computer simulations.
Our subproject examines in how far our present-day simulations, scientifically advanced and
technically complex as they are, still legitimate relatively ‘crude’ strategies of security. By
this we mean for instance comprehensive monitoring systems like the U.S. American Echelon
system, or biometric systems of identification. Since it is possible that the diffuse definition of
security is the basic principle of such legitimations, we shall look into who the protagonists
are that are involved in the transfer from science and technology to politics and thus contribute
to the implementation of extensive strategies of security.
The plan is to openly announce the postdoc stipend and fill it with a media scientist who also
has competence in the history of knowledge. S/he will be asked to produce two studies (i.e.
comprehensive essays), one on Herman Kahn and one about contemporary military fictions of
security; if necessary, the suitable candidate may also draft a larger monographic study (e.g.
habilitation thesis) on the topic.
Subproject II: Scenarios of Catastrophe. On Political Ecology since 1970
Since the 1970s, statements on ecological issues have become an integral part of social selfconceptualizations.
‘Ecology’ in this sense is not to be understood as a sub-discipline of biology
but rather as a ‘hybrid discipline’ (Enzensberger 1973) comprised of such different forms
of knowledge as biology, chemistry and physics, but also ethical values, political views and a
certain attitude towards life in general (Trepl 1987). The ecological discourse is especially apt
for inspecting the mechanisms of doctrine formation and implementation because it cannot be
linked to a certain social system (Luhmann 1986). In effect the discourse of political ecology
works with all kinds of references to the future, which however always serve the legitimization
and organization of political agency in the present, so that the sketching of future eco-
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logical disasters serves to legitimate present-day strategies of security, which are implemented
solely for the purpose of preventing such a disastrous future from happening.
We will look at documents from the 1970s depicting scenarios of disaster and check for their
relation to the budding environmental movement of the time. Documents to be analyzed are
the political essays by Carl Amery and Heinrich Gruhl, the public and scientific discussions
around Denis Meadow’s study Limits to Growth, as well as manifestos like A Blueprint for
Survival (1972). We will also include novels such as Amery’s Der Untergang der Stadt Passau
(1975) or Ernest Callenbach’s Ecotopia (1975) and Ecotopia Emerging (1981). In a second
step, we will focus on today’s debate on climate change and evaluate the strategies of
security that might become vital if the effects of climatic change should become more drastic.
As a theoretical bracket bringing these two research foci together we will contemplate the
question as to where exactly the interpretative dominance lies these days; in other words, who
has the power to determine what the future will look like? It is significant in this respect that
at the moment scientific and fictional forms of representation seem to intersect in a wholly
novel way. While Roland Emmerich’s movie 2012 (2009) creates scenarios of disaster in a
spectacular fashion, Michael Crichton’s novel State of Fear (2004) claims climate change to
be a fantasy created by eco activists – a claim which led to an official hearing at a committee
of the U.S. American Senate. And while politicians hope to receive concrete instructions from
climate researchers as to how to proceed, scientists in this field refuse to be politically exploited.
This subproject is already well prepared and is funded as part of Benjamin Bühler’s Heisenberg
stipend (see paragraph 3). We envisage publishing two studies (essays) on the topic as
part of a planned monograph Regierungswissen. Politische Ökologie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.
Subproject III: Fantasies of Prevention. The Representation of Security Doctrines in Contemporary
Literature and Film (Dissertation project)
The notion of prevention may count as one of the most effective doctrines of security today.
Prevention means to be prepared for the future in a way to outsmart it, that is, to make sure
something does NOT happen in a certain way. This also means that the notion of prevention is
characterized by a strange negativity: Future itself turns into the “causa finalis of its own prevention”
(Fuchs 2008). The doctrine of prevention is seen as the standard for a responsible
way of dealing with one’s life and that of the next generation. This applies similarly to precautionary
actions by domestic and foreign affairs against potential terrorist attacks, but also
on a ‘biopolitical’ level to the exploding number of medically prophylactic offers. Such complex
(and slightly paradoxical) thinking in negative anticipations has turned into an extremely
normative handling of futurity.
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Due to its social relevance, the concept of prevention has gathered distinct momentum in literature
and film alike over the course of these past years. Subproject III focuses on these fictional
representations of the concept. We will determine the basis for doctrines of prevention
by studying current discussions in sociology (Bröckling 2008) and analyze the origins of the
idea of prevention by looking at practices of insurance and precaution; by following its theorization
within the sociological framework of risk; and by analyzing its current role in medical,
military, and political debates. The main body of research will be a close reading of several
examples of contemporary literary and filmic representations of prevention: How do
these fictionalizations deal with the prospective structure of preventive thinking? How do they
contemplate the notion’s current power and its potential consequences? Examples to be discussed
are the fictitious pre-cognitive “Precrime” Office in Steven Spielberg’s movie Minority
Report (2002), the dystopia of a medical-prophylactic dictatorship in Juli Zeh’s novel
Corpus Delicti (2009) or the technological fantasies of surveillance and military pre-emption
in Daniel Suarez’ novels Daemon (2006) and Kill Decision (2012).
The dissertation project will argue that the novels and movies do not only incorporate the
concept of prevention into their narrative structure, but represent narratologically what they
transport on a topical level, thereby problematizing the very concept. The project reviews the
narratological aspects of the discourse of prevention in detail: The advantage of knowledge on
the side of the narrator, insinuation and overtones, directional conventions for reader guidance,
techniques of narration as anticipation of the plot etc. Such a literary and mediatheoretical
analysis can clarify the structure of preventive thinking.
The doctoral stipend shall be openly announced and filled with a student of literature or media
science.
The goal of the overall research project is to offer a cultural-theoretical reflection of the problems
attached to questions of state, security and society. We strive to explicate the theoretical
preconditions of the multidimensional and ambivalent domain of security issues. By conjoining
three exemplary research set-ups we aim to explore the linkage between doctrines of security
and futurity. While the implementation of doctrines follows largely pragmatic reasoning
(and has to do so), our project wants to unearth the hidden epistemic presuppositions that significantly
shape these doctrines, yet are mostly overlooked. We target the conceptual grounds
and the suppressed mechanics of the implementation process, thereby helping to shed light on
the often rogue systematic of security strategies. Thus if supported, our project will present a
valuable input from a cultural studies angle to the controversial topic of security studies.
Bibliography:
Beck, Ulrich: Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, Frankfurt/Main 1986.
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Bröckling, Ulrich: Das unternehmerische Selbst. Soziologie einer Subjektivierungsform,
Frankfurt/Main 2007.
Bröckling, Ulrich: “Vorbeugen ist besser… Zur Soziologie der Prävention,” in: Behemoth. A
Journal on Civilisation 1 (2008), H. 1, pp. 38-48
Bühler, Benjamin: “Zukunftsbezug und soziale Ordnung im Diskurs der politischen Ökologie,”
in: Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften 2 (2009), pp. 35-44.
Bühler, Benjamin: “Repräsentationen der Ökologie,” in: ecozone@ 1 (2010), n. p.
Bühler, Benjamin: “Entgleitende Regulierungen. Politische Ökologie im 20. Jahrhundert,” in:
Stefan Rieger, Manfred Schneider (Eds.), Selbstläufer / Leerläufer. Regelungen und
ihr Imaginäres im 20. Jahrhundert, Berlin/Zurich 2012, pp. 177-197.
Bühler, Benjamin: “Von ‘Hypothesen, die auf einer Hypothese gründen.’ Ökologische Prognostik
in den 1970er Jahren,” in: Daniel Weidner, Stefan Willer (Eds.): Prophetie und
Prognostik Verfügungen über Zukunft in Wissenschaften, Religionen und Künsten,
Munich 2013 (in print).
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus: “Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie”, in: Kursbuch 33 (1973),
pp. 1-42.
Evers, Adalbert/Nowotny, Helga: Über den Umgang mit Unsicherheit. Die Entdeckung der
Gestaltbarkeit von Gesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main 1987.
Ewald, François: L’état providence, Paris 1986.
Fuchs, Peter: “Prävention – Zur Mythologie und Realität einer paradoxen Zuvorkommenheit,”
in: Irmhild Saake/Werner Vogd (Eds.): Moderne Mythen der Medizin. Studien zur organisierten
Krankenbehandlung, Wiesbaden 2008, pp. 363-378.
Grunwald, Armin: Technik und Politikberatung. Philosophische Perspektiven, Frankfurt/Main
2008.
Grunwald, Armin: Technikzukünfte als Medium von Zukunftsdebatten und Technikgestaltung,
Karlsruhe 2012.
Hamilton, John T.: Security: Politics, Humanity, and the Philology of Care, Princeton 2013.
Horn, Eva/Gisi, Lucas (Eds.): Schwärme – Kollektive ohne Zentrum. Eine Wissensgeschichte
zwischen Leben und Information, Bielefeld 2009.
Horn, Eva: Der geheime Krieg. Verrat, Spionage und moderne Fiktion, Frankfurt/Main 2007.
Horn, Eva: “Enden des Menschen. Globale Katastrophen als biopolitische Fantasie,” in: Reto
Sorg and Stefan B. Würffel (Eds.): Utopie und Apokalypse in der Moderne, Munich
2010, pp. 101–118.
Horn, Eva: “Die Zukunft der Dinge. Über Unfälle und Sicherheit,” in: Behemoth. A Journal
on Civilization, 2011, n. p., online: www.behemoth-journal.de
Hulme, Mike: Why we disagree about climate change. Understanding controversy, inaction
and opportunity, Cambridge 2009.
Luhmann, Niklas: Soziologie des Risikos, Berlin 2003.
Luhmann, Niklas, Ökologische Kommunikation. Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische
Gefährdungen einstellen? Wiesbaden 1986.
Makropoulos, Michael: Modernität und Kontingenz, Munich 1997.
Münkler, Herfried: “Strategien der Sicherung: Welten der Sicherheit und Kulturen des Risikos.
Theoretische Perspektiven,” in: Herfried Münkler/Matthias Bohlender/Sabine
Meurer (Eds.): Sicherheit und Risiko. Über den Umgang mit Gefahr im 21. Jahrhundert,
Bielefeld 2010, pp. 11-34.
Pias, Claus (Ed.): Abwehr. Modelle Strategien Medien, Bielefeld 2009.
Pias, Claus (Ed.): Herman Kahn. Szenarien für den Kalten Krieg, Berlin/Zurich 2013 (in
print).
Trepl, Ludwig, Geschichte der Ökologie. Vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. Zehn Vorlesungen,
Frankfurt/Main 1987.
Virilio, Paul: L’accident originel, Paris 2005.
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Willer, Stefan: Prophetie und Prognostik. Verfügungen über Zukunft in Wissenschaften, Religionen
und Künsten, Munich 2013 (ed. with Daniel Weidner, in print).
Willer, Stefan: “Prognose,” in: Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, ed. Gert Ueding, vol.
10: Ergänzungen A–Z, Register, Tübingen 2011, col. 958-966.
Willer, Stefan: “Vom Nicht-Wissen der Zukunft. Prognostik und Literatur um 1800 und um
1900,” in: Michael Bies, Michael Gamper (Eds.): Literatur und Nicht-Wissen. Historische
Konstellationen in Literatur und Wissenschaft, 1750–1930, Zurich 2012, pp.
171-196.
Willer, Stefan: “Zwischen Futur Eins und Futur Zwei. Georg Kleins Grammatik der Zukunft,”
in: Christoph Jürgensen, Tom Kindt (Eds.): “Wie in luzidem Schlaf.” Zum Werk
Georg Kleins, Berlin 2013, pp. 131-141.
Willer, Stefan: “Dietmar Daths enzyklopädische Science Fiction,” in: Stefan Willer (Ed.):
Roman als Enzyklopädie, special issue of arcadia (2013, in preparation).
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