Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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followed by recession, of ftooduratem from an adjacent stseam or lake (Fig, 5.5). No studies have addressed either the export of detritus or nutrients from ned maple swmps to adjacent water Wies or the influence of such expurt on aquatic food chains. The likelihd of signific~llt export depnds on the strength of the hydrologic coupling between the swamp and adjacent aquatic systems; key factors include the fkquency, duration, depth, md velocity of floodwaters, as well as the volume and duration of the surface-water discharge h m the swamp. Ilowcves, sixxcc cuniulative inputs from numerous wetl~llds it1 niruiy subwatelvrheds determine the chmactr;riatics and functions of lower perennial riverine systenm, even relatively small wetlands with only irlternlittent surface-water discharge may play a significmxt role in xlutrient export and food chain support.
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most nod hem ten^ freshwater wetlmda originahd durixrg tho Wiscorrsilr~ glacial stage nmre than 12,000 yeam ago. Since then, cfisngea in clirnatrr, togat.har with tlre acct~xrlulation of nlirlernl scdidisturbru~ce. He recamnlexrded abandoning thp term "auccession'bax~se of its Clemexrtsiml mxrnot,atiorts, and substituting kmli such as "vegetation dyxlmics" or "vegetational development." nlexlttl and peat, JI~c~vc brotrght. about gradual Some sciexlti~b (e.g., van der VnEk 1981) cantixliae changc~s in wekland watcr wginies, soil g>mlwrtit.s, Use tilt? kr?ll "~uc~ession," but define it more micrcmmlief, vcgctr?lation st.mcture, md plant and broadly ta avoid cotlf~xsion with Clexxiclnb' use. ~gxxirnal cornmurxity cornpsition. Sudden changes ixl Tho concept of rIirY~ax has bee11 abmdoned by wetlands huve &]so reslllted fr01xl fire, wir~d~brnm, nlnst t?cologi~lst;s, and, along with it, the notion that beaver ~wnt3 cozxstrtlction, imd k1unisi11 activities wetlllulda everltudly beeonlo hrreakid or nonwet- H U ~ BN I vegc~t~xtior~ rlefirixig auld water It?vel ~ 11~- Imrd tomniunities QMoizuk arid Livingstun XSfi; xtipufrzt.iot1. lkausc changrs in tire biotic and abi- 1)uukrunire 1968; E-iucxrncke 1982; Nierixlg 1988). r,t,ic fe~nt.urc~s of wt~tlnrlrls Inciy effiqt chlitrlgee in 't'herc? is no wiex~tific evidence ta show that wetlarrd wet land ftlrictiort~ aii~X VELILICR, iitl il~~tlt>rstwiciii~g of rhangea tx, nonwetlmd under natural cunditiorm, wi~t.ie~t~d $ytlamir.~ is ~*s,rc*trt ird ta effwtivc? rtliitragrc- ~xcept in the cnae of Iaxlctalides, shiftixy: sand dunr.a rrrrtit of tliin rer;ourc.t*. 'l%is cku~ptk~r givt" i1r1 owr (I~trwn 1.t EJ. vitaw nf fmsllwntrbr watltintf dyrl~illic8 in f ilv ~I:Ic+Lt980), or othclr ram everlts.. In the placinkti rttd Nort+itc*rrsil. arid d~'8cri~s tiic* dy~lsrui~~ of rd Nodhcaask,, forcstsc.cl watllluld is the moat mr*l~Ii: swantps in that trrortder cnntr*xt. rtatvar~ced B ~ W of ~ G vcage~tr~tt ion dstrelopmc~~t orr freshwat~r sib. Fareshd wetland ~oila ouc, uxmuitnble It$awie Coneopts and I3roc=cescs for tht* p41 of xrlaat upland txwe BF ~ ibixause e ~ of thok high moistsure content, high arganic content, low xluLrierrt availability, and other iirnitiry~ pm~.rcrties (Dnukrxmire 1968; Niering 1988). For tht~cae ri>atiPOne, fonsatcd wetlands can bc? exgwlcbd to gx>mist itldefinik*ly, AB lorig as they are not filled, Under the mr,skoc.linl*x tlrclury of pl~l~lf SUL+CQB drained, or otherwise itlkmd. Tho preaeience of esvrsiara ilxkr~duced by Frodiirrick C:leniclhts (1!)1G), era1 nr~crturs of w d y peat kt aonie northembmr plant eoxnmttniticla wen* iwlioved tcr awcc.t.c.d each wetland forests inrlicatetl not only that these sites otinrsr in ail nrtIerfy, ~~ro~essiv~ ftistlias~ tailti1 a have twn swampha for thousnxkcts of yem, but &so self-~wr~xttuatix~g clininx st.agpl was rt3rilctxetf. %t- tilazt the ~rirrdwa@r kabic in tllesse wetlands hrz9 ladw were vis;.wetI xnerely tis ~ if~qj~ in 81 "hyitrt~xI~'~ padually rkcn daxlg with tho nixtarnulation of this succt*~sionnl ~C~XIOI~C'C that would c*vet~tu~EIy cu1- organic material. ramttk* irz s CL'mes't~ia1 (KIQXLWC~~RX~~) C~~XX~HX I'CIIXLchctngca8 ill wetla~ids ~~(rtty be viewed brorray, xrrnnit;4. EmIagiedr suctl rzs Whittnlcrl- (1953) took frr~nl iua ecosyskm @rswctivc, ar mare narrowly, issue with this tfrcory, skxgge&Cimlg in~trttd thxt front R plant corrlrnurliky pi.rsywctive. in this rethere might G sevtmd stab1 e terrcstrinl vc*gc%tat iott i,ypea (~rzultiplo elitnaes) ixl a particular n;g' a k ~ ~ r x port, ~ the brnr "wot,ltmd dpamica" is used to dedcpc3ndiirg on edsphic eonditioxrs, More rew~rrily, scribe changes at the wosystem level-gerierally Nicrlrng (1587) ernphasi~d that, because of natuchaxra~s front one? class of wetland (scnsu Golet rali a1.d hunr nnz-hduced dist~wirbnnccs, eharlgcs in and Idarson 1974 or Gctwrrrdin et al. 2979) to ancarnuxities me zxot ~mndirectiotkal, in ~0x1- atfrer. Wetfnrxd cXyntu11ics entail changes in wahr trast ta what Cleme?x~fs (1916) strmested. Nieri~xg rrgime, dorninarlt. life form of vewtation, and observed that vegetation change? em lead to either often soils. The term "vegetation dynaice" is a ~Iatlvoly &.able syst~rn or a constantly cktnnging restricted here to ch~nps in plant eo~mlukty system, depending on the frequency and $COP of strurtum md fioristics.
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10:
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12:
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14:
Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18:
Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22:
Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26:
Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28:
egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30:
y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32:
inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34:
Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36:
Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38:
The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40:
Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44:
.dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135: e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137: and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139: y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141: M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143: Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145: Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147: Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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