Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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Table 5.4. Nutrient mncvnfmtions jp&gl in lie:tcya~td su$~rypcnt fmm n Connecticut red mapleswamp (fmrn r17 an 1979 cutd Luuntirc 1986)). Leaf litter 2,687 77 8.6 12 225 7 2 stems (0.542 0.1Ph) reported by Elrrenfeld (19%) for southern New Jersey red maple swamps fi1ll within the general range reported for other swamps and floodplain forests. Additional data on tllr? nutrient content of red maple stem, branch, amld leLkf tissues from New Jersey swmps are provided in Table 5.3. Damman (1979) and Laundre (1980) found higher concentrations of K, Mn, and Zn in red maple leaf litter of a Connecticut swamp than in the upper 40 cm of organic soil beneath, but fourld higher levels of Fe, Pb, and Ni in the soil; Ievcls of Na and Cu were similar in the two compartnlcnts flable 5.4). These data suggest that K, Mxl, and Zn are readily taken up by the vegetation and rapidly cycled, enriching the surface of the swamp annually The initial leaching of ions from Iitkr often reverses with time, as concentrations of many minerals subsequently increase there (van der Valk et al. 1979). 1mmobiIization of nutrients by microbes associated with decomposing plant. mnterial has been demonstrated or inferred in many wetland studies (Mason and Bryant 1975; Brinaon 1977; Day 1982). In the Great Dismal Swamp, litter concentrations of N and P remained unchanged or increased over a 1-year period, while K levela decreased initiaHy and then increased (Day 1982). These data suggest there was active immobilization of nutrienh from external sources and net mineralization of Ca and Mg. Laborabry studies also have shown that, without accrual of nukients from external sources, N and P levels in decomposing red maple leaf litter continue tx, decline (Day 1983). in studying a North Carolina water tupelo (Nyssa aquatics) swamp, Brimon (1977) concluded that element accumulation through immobilization appesed to be an important mechanism for trapping nutrients that might otherwise exist in dissolved form and be expo*d. He found that immobilization generally lasted beyond spring months, making the nutrients available for plant uptake during the growing 8 ~ - SQn. Them has been so little research on nutrient cycling in rial-theastern forested wetlands that it is I~~sibltx to develop oxdy a very simplified scenario of sorrrc of the seasonal processes that occur in these swaIrrps (Fig. 5.4). As with most wetlands, the extent to which red maple swmps retain and cycle nutrients is stroilgly influenced by hydrology, which h~s prono~lnced seasonal variability. Both leachirtg r~nct in~rnobilizat~ion of nutrients from extcmd sources rnay occur from fall into spring. l.fydrologi:ic cvents clearly can influenc~ the magnitrtdc and tirnirrg of these processes; flushing events, which rarnove detritus, or backwater flooding, which brings enriched waters into the wetlands, are examples. Streams carrying suspended sediments and dissolved nutrients overflow into Inany swamps during flood periods. As water velocities decrease in the wetlands, suspended particles and adsorbed constituents (e.g., phosphorus and heavy metals) settle to the soil surface, turd dissolved nutrienb in the water may diffu~e within the soil and detrital layers. Surface water runoff from surrounding upland areas alsa may contribute significant loadings tx, wetlands (van der Valk et al. 1979). The following are conservative estimates for annual nutrient and metal removal via sediment deposition in 1 m2 of northeastern wetland soils: N, 1.5 g; F: 375 mg; Cu, Pb, and Zn, 25 mg; Cd, 0.2 mg; and Wg, 0.2- 2.5 mg (Nixon and h e 1986). Soil adsorption, immobilization by microbial decomposers, algal uptake, denitrification, and chemical complexing (e.g., as ferric phosphate) may all influence mtrient pathways during the dormant season (Richardson et al. 1978; Brinson et al. 1981a,b). With the onset of the growing season and warmer conditions in a red maple swamp, increased decomposition of organic matter speeds the releaae of nutrients at the same time that plant uptake increases. Heightened evapotranspiration gradualIy lowers the water table, typically to a point within, or just below, the root zone. As a result, soil oxygen levels increase, and soil chemical and biochemical procestres are affeekd. Brinson et al. (19$lb), for example,
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Support noted that, during dr;): periods in sw:imgs, ammonium(NIl4.t) sat1 be co~~verte?d to nitrate (NO,+-), thus permitting denitrificwtian during subeeql-ietlt wet perioda. Most forested wett~rrda irr Orgnnic detzitus that 1s not Sillly dmwmped the Northeast appear to have ~iuitablr tondi- and nut;ricnt9 that aw not irnmubilizd irr fomst-d tims for denitcificakicm (i.c*, periodically or con- wetlands arc avT*ilat)ie for ~?cjart a*) adjaccznt swtirktkoualy anncrobir auhatrittr? with high organic face wwtc~s. Rrirtson et nl, (l!IHlb) have shown that carbon coxik~nt), but the? process bas received rivers that drain watershcd*i witfa ex:mmive areas tittle study (Nixon and IA?~ 1986; I;roffr~ran ct 81. of tm~d~rirzg wcltland~ cotltirixt rrtore organic mete- 1:HlI. rid (dissulveci and tfital nrgnnic cartmn) than rivers fb~~~m~h is rr~eded 0x1 all I~BJHBC~~ of riutricnt in watcr~lleds witkiorlt aurh wetlands. Dissslvr+tI cycling in red rrarrplt. awnnll>s, Prirrrt! topics for rnakriata rrrr hlievcci tx) ongincatr: ttin>ugh lesc'tzstudy include the followixrg: in& of litter and orgrwir soil z~1~teritfls (illring wet- * principal WOU~CC"~ of IIU~~~C'I~~H for plant land i1i~ilxdati011. Organic carbar1 exparted from fl(~wt,h (i.~., cyclit~g within thca aw~rnp VM. awarxljxr in htir particulntr stid diamlved forms oxtcnlal suurcrn) rimy ,.rtrvcb ifis an c1lcrg-y a~~)umt> for cotlfiuxlzers in irfitxence of ger.ormar&~ltir. ~rhtt ill@ on rlutrierit ndjacorlt rivc..~+ir~e or lacustrintr crosyaterne, but inputs uncl catp)t% attadies dcwtuxlr-xttix~g detritfzl exg~ort and tsoptkic raka of nutrient ~lplakc* and tritrlslr~vtt ion by yrrt.trwrrys ama liicking for wd nlaple ~w~tmps. pltaxxta hleixly red nlriplo swamps in Ihr glaciat~ci North- * extwx~t, to whish N w 1) lirtrit ~t-~nl~ic'ti~ily t~itut >xus hycin>logirally 1inkt.d to ekearna, lakes, or rdat.ivo import,nr~c.t* of N fixgttiorm rzrlcl tirtnitsi- cntuaries. The liukttp nirty lake thrs forrr~ of overficalior~ lard flow through Ihc wcklnnd dwialg stU~?rln or * role of mot. ~RWPAP~~*W in ~1utriexlt cyrling after s~~ownrclt; groundwittr~r disch~rge :cnd subwlc* of ~EX~IT~HIN in 1lutric11lt ~yc.lin~ aequcrzt flaw throtigh the awnnlp; or inundation, Fk. 5.6. Red maple swan~p along a peremrisl stream. Such a111ivial swnrnps may receive ~dlxnent and nutrients from the stream duri~lg arxrri~al floods wrrd cxpcwt both ntxtrients rind org~rlic detritus to the stsea as Rmdwatfirs subside.
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10:
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12:
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14:
Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18:
Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22:
Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26:
Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28:
egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30:
y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32:
inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34:
Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36:
Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38:
The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40:
Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44:
.dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135: e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137: and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139: y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141: M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143: Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145: Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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