Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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2.0 1 .o Curtis Corner Shermantown 2.0 Mink Brook 1.0 yrwa wtlrrl nwm waim levels approach the longtern1 site. average, Water levels in X&e Champlain wc>rc, coraside~-ed to be MrIll~l &on1 1957 to 19fi8, but ~bnornznlly high fi-om ~969 to 1976 (Vosburgh 19';y). Trw growth was greater during the period of I ~O~IX~R~ water levels (Table 5.1), and variations ill over tlrl~t time irlkrval were most strongly corrclatsci with tree or stand characteristics. Xhzring years of ~bxlomrilly high water lclst\ls, tsc~ growth was lnost strongly influenced by hyilr-oloby. At five of the six Rhode Island swamps strldii~tl by Lawry (I9%4)> greatest gr~witl occurred during years when the average annual (April-Decemhcr) water level was dosest t;o the 6-year mean (Fig. 5.2). E;vidertly, the trees were well adapted to t hc nverizgr wakr level conditiorls at the individual sit~ss, r a ~ d del~iu-t~uws from those average co~xditicrns, t-ither rxti~rkcdly wet&?r or drier, resulted in diminished growth. Site-specific adaptation by trtws also may explain why the between-year growth trends shown in Fig. 5.1 were similar at the vitrivi~s sibs, eve11 though average water levels diff~~rrd sigrlificantly among sites in most years. In a study of artificial permanent flooding in 'I'cnnc.,gsr>c, f la11 and Smith (1955) found that red niaplrs remained healthy if the root crowns were flocded for less than 37% of the growing season; flooding for more than 41% of khe growing season resulted in the death of all trees within a few yrtirs. Studies in the glaciat~d Northeast generizlly support these findings. Red maple growth in L4akrl Cf~axrxpI~~ir~ swarnps declined when root c.roupns were sulmergtd far more than 5@/0 of the gnrowirlg season, on the avorage (Vosburgh 1979). Year Fig. 6.1. Annual rad~al growth of red maple in six Itkiode Island swamps from 1976 tkrrough 1981 (after I~wry 1984). Data are based om 30 trees per sita, two Increxnent cores per tree. ations in growth were also pronounced ('Vosburgl~ 1979). Generally, variation was least on the lowest snd vtettesk sites; tmes 0x2 siightly more elevated sites with shorter hydroperiods showed more growth respor~e to annual hydrologic variations. Research at Lake Champlain and in mode ISland suggests that tree grott.th is greatest in those 'I'able 5.1. r%r~nuul radial growth of red maple trees in relation to surfwx-water hydroperiod in 10 I~zkc. Clmmplain wet lcrrzcls bet ween 1957 and 1976. Values inparent/@scs are ranges ofannual rtir eans (from Vosburgh 1979). Mean seasonal duration of Percentage of Mrarl annual flaodi~rg, growing o Mn y -September season
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -0 c I Fig. 6.2 hlatron911ip &twecn rurriual m- tL m d~al grou.th af rod mapie and nlem annual water be! in ~)IX Rhode Islaxid 5 -02 rcd maple ~wanps hfrorrl 1976 tkmugh E Lr * 1981 ( ~ [&wry ~ I%!). r Each pint b ntpresent8 one yenr'a dat~ fmln ant. swamp. t -a i Ih E *- E? -04 L C 0 .+ to 5 3 0 C -1) 6 6 7 -0 8 -20 - 10 a 10 Ilet~iation frotn 6 year rnean annual water lave1 (cm) in lif~odt* isliiitd, c*vtari tllougtt. crowti~ of trt~ roots 'hw, af~rl~i, NIX^ site tl~aractcriskics other than were IIZ~V~~P ~*0niplt*tx4lly stil)~llt*rgcld, rrsdierl. ~:rowth wtrtn*r rrginie lnay rdso ~~ccour~t. for a Iltrgp propa-- wfre ~igriifictfrntly grriud, wd nlttpIt. ~c~wt.I1 in Lake Chamscrrrralr t.litfrrt 111 HWPXST~~S with longt*r hy(frofx~rio~h j>1~111 SWAI~~B was xrlost highly crorm~latr*ci with tree (Lowry 1984). Mizlvcki ef rai. (1983) fourlrl 5% rt~tluc- ngc= (%sburgh 1979). Irr fthoticl IsItmd, atand dention in rttdial growth of red n~~pltj im~ 3r.w york sity, v,*rown covc&r, and &~ourrdwtiir.r dl crppxred grc?c?n-tirnhr irnywut.idlner~ts timt Elclrl 25 30 c~tl to tx? irqxtrtnrlt (Lowry lClfi.4). Hedial wwth of of surface water rixltil ewEy Jn1y (rougtrly 5m0 of maple tscwn is also affvcttxd by statltl origirx (I~ffdtba growing srasnnj over n 12-year period. Af- nlirrk and f-ltiwiey 1925; Braiewa 1983). Braiewa L1.1n11gfl s mrnrked increase in gowth caccurrc?d drnlur~stra.tc.d tfiat radid growth of red maples during the firat 3 yema of flooding, a. sh~1-p cieolinc fmnl sprout-origin stm~ds exceeded that of kces was observed by the fodh yetw (Golet 1969). from =tiling-arigir~ srands for abut 25 ye-, but These results again suggest, that tree growt l.1 in therl fell Ishixrd as the stads matiwed. Established any particular yew may be influenced by water roog syst.enrs permit imzitially rapid [growth in level canditiom in preceding yams. sprout-origin stands, but conlpetitian between
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10:
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12:
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
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Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18:
Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
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Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26:
Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
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egional groundwakr table by the roc
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y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
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inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
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Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
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Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38:
The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135: e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137: and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139: y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
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Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
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Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
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Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
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Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
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~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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