Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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Contents Befa ce ............................................... iii ConversionTable ......................................... iv Frontispiece ............................................ v Chapter 1 . Introduction ...................................... 2 Wetland Forests of the Northeast .............................. 2 Classification ....................................... 2 Red Maple Forested Wetlands .............................. 2 Regional Setting ........................................ 4 Physiography ....................................... 4 Climate ........................................... 5 Major Forest Regions ................................... 6 Ecology and Distribution of Red Maple ........................... 6 Relative Abundance of %d Maple Swamps ......................... 8 Statewide Wetland Invexlbry Statistics ......................... 8 Physiographic Variation in Wetland Abundance .................... 9 Chapter 2 . The Physical Environment .............................. 11 Surfkid Geology ....................................... 11 Till ............................................. 11 Stratified Drift. ....................................... 11 Alluvium .......................................... 12 Illydrogeologic Settings of Red Maple Swmps ....................... 12 Surface-water Depression Wetlands ........................... 14 Surface-water Slope Wetlands .............................. 14 Groundwater Depression Wetlaxlds ........................... 14 Groundwater Slope Wetlands ............................... 16 Hydrologic Budgets in Red Maple Swamps ......................... 17 WaterRegimcs ........................................ 19 Definitions and Key Characteristics ........................... 19 Water Levels in Rhode Island Swanlps ......................... 20 Soils .............................................. 24 Basic Types: Organic and Minerd ............................ 24 I-Iyckic Soil Drainage Classes ............................... 25 Soil Type and Wetland Setting .............................. 25 Phgrsicd and Morphollogic Properties ........................... 26 Base Status and pH .................................... 26 Chaphr 3 . The Plmt Community ................................ 28 Community Structure ..................................... 34 TreeLnlyer ......................................... 34 SbbLayer ........................................ 36 EIerbbyer ......................................... 37 Spies Richness ....................................... 37 Floristic Composition ..................................... 46 Zone 1 . Southern New England Upland, Seaboard Lowland, and Coastal Plain .... 47 Zone I1 . Greret Lakes and Glaciated Allegheny Plateau ................. 51
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and Lake Champlain Basin ............... 52 Zone TV . Northeastern Mountains ............................ 53 Zone V . Northern New England Upland ......................... 53 Calcareous Seepage Swamps ............................... 54 Transitional Swamps ................................... 55 Plants of Special Concern ................................... 55 ..................... Hydrology ........................................... 57 Influence on Community Structure ........................... 57 Influence on Floristic Composition ............................ 58 Microrelief ........................................... 68 Origin and Relationship to Water Regime ........................ 68 Influence on Swamp Vegetation ............................. 70 Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils .......................... 73 ................................. Productivity .......................................... 76 Annual Radial Tree Growth ............................... 76 Biomass and Net Primary Productivity ......................... 79 Organic Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling .................... 80 Factors Affecting Decomposition Rates ......................... 80 Nutrient Cycling ...................................... 81 Detritus Export and Food Chain Support .......................... 84 .................................. Basic Concepts and Processes ................................ 86 Succession. Climax. and Wetland Dynamics ....................... 86 Directions of Wetland Change .............................. 87 Wetland Dynamics in Southern New England: An Overview ................ 87 ............................... Chapter 4 . Abiotic Influences on the Plant Community 57 Chapter 5 . Ecosystem I>rocesses 76 Chapter 6 . Wetland Dynamics 86 Dynamics of Red Maple Swamps 89 Swamp Origins and Development ............................ 89 Retrogressive Changes .................................. 91 Successional Relationships Among Wetland Forest Trees ............... 93 ................................... Wetland Dependence of Wildlife ............................... 94 Wetland-dependent Species ................................ 94 Facultative Species .................................... 94 Reptiles and Amphibians ................................... 95 Bkds .............................................. 97 Species Composition .................................... 97 Factors Affecting Avian Richness and Abundance .................... 99 Red Maple Swamps as Waterfowl Habitat ........................ 102 Mammals ........................................... 104 SmallMamrnals ...................................... 104 Chapter 7 . Vertebrate Fauna 94 ........................... ................................ ......................... ........................ ..................................... Groundwater Functions .................................. 109 WaterQuality Improvement ............................... 110 Medium-sized and Large Mammals 106 Vertebrates of Special Concern 108 Chapter 8 . Values. Impacts. and Management 109 Functions and Values of Red Maple Swamps 3.09 Flood Abatement 109
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60:
Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62:
on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64:
fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66:
countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68:
~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70:
and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72:
was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74:
kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78:
difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80:
in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82:
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84:
Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88:
dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94:
Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96:
1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98:
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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