Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 4.5. Floorl toienznce of trees and in~c shrubs that occur in northastern rtzd maple sswamps (from Very tolerant spies: tsees that can withstand fldlng for periods of two or more gxawirlg seasans; these species exhibit epod adventitious or secondary ruot p~%h durixlg this period Tolerant species: trees that can uittlstarld flooding for nmst of one growing season; some new root development is expected during this period Intermediately toleraxlt species: spies that are able to siirvivc flooding for periods between 1 anid 3 months during the growing season; the rwt systems of these plants produce few new rrmts or are dorxnant during the flooded period Acer saccharurn Alnus imna Betula ulIeghanknsis Carpinus mmliniurm Carp cordiforrnis Crutac?gus spp. Intolerant species: species that cannot withstand floading for shod periods (I month or less) dusirVx the growing season; the mot systems die during this period Alnus rugom &tula pa~rifem Retub populifblk Fbgus gmdifolk Juniprus virginiuna Lirhdendmn tulipifem Pn~rzus serof zncr C&rcus albu C;tUem'i imbrtcuna @em$ nibm rSassafm albldunt Kkraga cwznadrinsis aa a result, abveground biomaas of tterbs increased as much as sevenfold in certabi arease The prolonged fl+ greatly curtailed reproduction by green ash, elm, and blue-hh, but favored red maple, which reproduces mainly by s k ~ spmtrb p and root suckem. Several authors (e.g., -towry 1384; &atley arid Fahey 1986) have noted difficdty in a&mpts to explain differences in ~m1uni4 -psition af red maple swampa on the basis of water reghe done. This, ~ icdty may arise for at least tke@ rixsans: (1) the segment of the moisture continuum examined in ~udl studies may be too nmw to detect moistture-mlahd trends in species distribution; (2) significant local variations in soil moisture, duo surface microrelief, may not have been eowidered; and (3) otller environmental factam, such hg ~kritrie~lt B ~ ~ X X01" S fmb-use histofj, may be relatively more hp[>ortant than water regime in explaining species distributions in some cases, especially where tilo range of mnoisture conditions exsunir~ed is nanow.
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water Regime Microrelief, also referred to as mound-and-pool bpography, humock-and-hollow microtopgra- P ~ K and pit-and-rnaurtd microtopography, is a characteristic feature of nonfloodplain forested wetlands in the Northeast (Tittle 19550; Thompson et al. 1968; G~ACO 1972; Vogelmann 1976; Messier 1980; Swift 1980; Ehrenfeld and Gulick 1981; Huenneke 1982; Malecki et aI, 1983; Lowry 19M; Paratley and Fahey 1986). Some floodplain swamps also exhibit pronounced mieroreiief (Buell md Wistendahl 1955; Hardin and Wiatendahl 1983; Menges and WaXler 1983). The development of microrelief has been attributed to a variety of causes, irrcluding frost action (Satkrlund l%O), windthrown trees (Satterlund 1960; Lyford and MacI~txxi 1%; Malecki et al. 1983; Beatty 1984; TJowry 1984; EJaraLley and Fahey 1986), concentration of tree roots above high water Lablea (Bray 1915; 1,owx-y 1984; Paratley and Fahey 198G), and ri~izomatous growth in shbs (Ehrenfeld and Gtilick 1981; Lowry 1984). Since trees growing in swmps generally me more shallowly rooted than trees on upland sites, they are particularly susceptible to windthrow Fig. 4.4), which appears ts be the most common cause of mound formation. Red maple has a shallow, horizontal root system in swamps, but often produces a long tap root in upland habitats where water tables are deeper (Toumey 1926). Rooting depth and the frequency of windthrow have been shown to vary as a function of water table depth even among forested wetlands. In mixed coniferhardwood swamps in northern Michigan, Satterlmd (1960) found that the depth of maximum root penetration for red maple ranged from as little as 51 cm in swamps with persistently high water levels to as much as 147 cm in drier swamps. The frequency of wind-damaged trees was 28% on sites where the water table was periodically or permanentiy high, but only 18% in drier swamps. Mound heights in red maple swamps range from about 15 cm for small shrub mounds to as much as 1 m for large tree mounds (Van Dersal 1933; Thompson et al. 1968; Messier 1980; Lowry 1984). Microrelief is usually most pronounced in the wettest swamps. In southern New Jersey red maple swamps that are flooded throughout most Fjg. 4.4. Red maple tree toppled by wind. Windthrow is common in swamps, where trees are shallowly -*a, is believed to be primarily responsible for the development ofmound-and-pol ~crorelief.
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10:
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12:
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14:
Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18:
Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22:
Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26:
Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28:
egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
show all

Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?