Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Fig, 4.3. Relatlvc importance of plants from five wetlrtr.ltf indicator catgones along a soil xnaisture gradient between red maple swamps and adjacc~nt uplard foreeta in southern Fthode Island. Wetland indicator categories are OBL = obligatcl wetland, FACW = facultative-wetland, PAC = facultative, FACIJ - faculhtive-upland, and CJFL = obligate upInnd Soil moisture categonea are W'Da = very yoorly drained organic, Vf'b = very prly drairled rnlneral, PI3 = in the cllnnging coxngmsit ion azid relative abunrtnncc of krerb-layer species (Fig. 4.3). As one migbi expect, facultative -wetla~'td(FACW) herbs declined in abundnlrcc. whilt. facultative-uplaxid (FACXJ) hcrbs increased along the ~~radierxt fmm very gmrly rirninor3 to rnodcrakky well drained soils. Obligate wetlartd (OBIJ) iserbs occurred only in very poorly draintd soils. Ttle relative cover of facultativt- (FAC) herbs peaked in ttte poorly drained and somewhat ~x~,rly drained soil classes, suggc*stirig that these plants are bst ndapkd to moisture vo~xditinns neiw the rliiddle of the gradient exatnix~t~ci. A moisture-related gradient was evident in the tree. Iaycr as wt4X (Fig. 4.3). Iteci maple (FAC) was domirrtr~rt in ttrc wrtlaizd (VPD -PI.)) portions of the gfradient, and stce~dily dthcliricd in abundance irz rm upslope direction. White oak (FACU) predomix~nted in modt~rattily well drained soils and gcrlc~rally declixred in abu~~c.tnr~c~ z t soil ~ nioisture increased. This sp~ci~~s wits ztearly as abundant as red mirplc in ptx~rly drair~ed sn~ls, but decreased sitarply in1 vc~y poorly dririned soils. 111 the shrub l:rytbr, tilt. prcrtt al,urlrfirrwr~ of FAC species along the entire 1cr~gtFI.h of xrlost trwrrscets pig. 4.3) obsctrrcbd moisture-related trends in vegetation (Allen et ~1. 1089). Facrzltntivt-1 (FAC) shrubs prcdomirtntcd at 48 of the 54 sai~~plixlg stations. A prcpondernncr of swoet popg,crbush throughout tlic. moisture gradient wrts Irtrgtlly rceporisible fur these rcsrllts. l?le shift, irk pretilorninrult irldicat~r status of herb layer s~>ec*fcs clrstrly sipnled the eharlge frorrl very paorly draixlcd to lroorly dmined soils; tiowc>vcr, the rflange frorll hydric to rtonhydric soils, which occurred betwccrl prly druirxed and somewtiat poorly drnirled ~tat~ians (Allen et al. 1988), was not accompa~ticxrl by a dietinct chmtgc irk the wrtla~ld ir~dicator composit+ion csf any of the vegetation layers (Fig. 11.3).'Rlus, precise localion af t,hc bouxzdary of rctii rn~i~~lr~ swttrnps rrray bo prly drained, SE) = aomcwIlat ~worly dram&, ~ n d = maderahly well drained. Data were collected &om thee sites (E C. Golct, unpublrshrd data). 'Psthle 4.3. Wetland indirrator ctrtc>goriccs far plant species tht wru r in turf ka this study should provide insight inio pattcrris of species distribution in red maple swamps throughout the Kortheast. The moisture gradient, which was well defined by topographic profiles, groundwater levels, and soil drainage cimaes at all of the Rhodc Island sites (Alien et a1. 1989), was most clearly roflecwd Category cudo wetlands (96) - -- - -- - Obligak upland 'tSPJl, < 1 Facultative - upland FACU 2-33 F~culttrve FAG 3-66 Fhm1tatlvc.--wetlmict FACW 87-99
difficuit to delineate in many instances if only vegetative criteria are used, The shift in relative abundance between red maple (PAC) eu~d white oak SI;"ACU) trees most closely approximahd the change from hydric to nonnhydric soil$, Obligaw wetiand (OBL) trees atte rare in the glaciated Northeast; AtlanLir white cedm is the ody relatively cornton ~pec(F?Cie~ SO ~Ia~sified ('&xzd 1988). In the Ktlode fslalld study, the few cedars prcssent were restricted b very ywx>rIy drained The greet majority of plant spies that occur i ~r mils. Except for scarlet oak (@erm~ carcirzca), 11art;1xeae@tll. red maple swamps csxn grow uttder a wide range of 4 1 rnoi~ture c~mdltions; that is, nlmt which is an obligak uylmrd (U12L) smies, the remaining trees were in onci of the facultative species we FACW, FAC, or WCrJ. This is not sur- categories. The most cornrnon of them-Acpr rupri'1~i~1g in light of Lire aeasonsl and annual waterlevel fluctuation in these wetlmds. Table 4.4 shows brurn, ghrercus alba, and Nyssn syllvcrticcr-wcurred in every soil drainage class. tire di~kib~ztioz~, by soil drainage ccletss, of the nlajor Obligab wet,laxzd ahrubs RIBO me rare in northtree, shrub, md herb Iayor specie8 earnunbred in eastern red maple swaps. Of the four OBl, apethe Rhde Ialmd rnaiatrwe gradient atudy, doz~ ciea recorded ~II. the Khde Idand ~ptudy---awanlp with the wntSmci indicator status of each. rose, pis011 aurnac, bnmkside aldor (Ainus serm- Table 1.4. Frequmqy ofrxntrn~mc (W of rn rrjr,r f re@, shnlb, and herb lqcr s~~cics by mil dmincgc chss irz titc iuetlctrulj upltrrrd tmnsitior-t zone r,ftlircc lilxxle 11sk;lrrcl RT*! mop& strtrrmps (shrub crnd herb dntcr fnrna Davis 19881. S~X~
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10:
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12:
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14:
Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18:
Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22:
Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
show all

Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?