irch (Betula pumikz), shrubby c<strong>in</strong>quefoil, mossy- namon fern cormnunities occur <strong>in</strong> this situation. cup oak (&uefcus macmrpu), and alder-leaf Some have very poorly dra<strong>in</strong>ed soils and are seabuckthorn are wmdy plants that also <strong>in</strong>dicate cal- sonally flooded.) cium-rich soils <strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn New England seepage In summary, <strong>the</strong> differences <strong>in</strong> floristic composwamps. sition among nor<strong>the</strong>astern red maple swamps are best expla<strong>in</strong>ed by ei<strong>the</strong>r physiographic location, Transitional <strong>Swamps</strong> - which takes <strong>in</strong>to account climatic and elevational <strong>in</strong>fluences, or hydrogeologic sett<strong>in</strong>g, which deter- Where <strong>the</strong> land at <strong>the</strong> edge <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>es water regime, water ,-,hemist. and microwetland bas<strong>in</strong>s conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g open water, marsh, climate. Floristic differences are fur<strong>the</strong>r exshrub swamp) fen' Or bog mmmunities9 red pla<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> complex overlap <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> geographic forests form a narrow ranges <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual species. Land-use history unbetween <strong>the</strong>se types and <strong>the</strong> adjacent up- doubtedly <strong>in</strong>fluences swamp noristics as well, but land' are <strong>of</strong>ten less than 30 <strong>the</strong> details <strong>of</strong> that relationship have not been wide, <strong>the</strong>y are a conspicuous feature <strong>of</strong> many northdescribed. eastern wetlands and have been referred to specifically by several authors. The floristic composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se transitional communities is <strong>of</strong>ten some- Plants <strong>of</strong> Special Concern what unique <strong>in</strong> that plants from both <strong>the</strong> adjacent upland and wetland communities are represented, None <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant species <strong>in</strong> Table 3.3 is listed along with <strong>the</strong> more typical swamp species. as endangered or threatened by <strong>the</strong> Federal Gov- In association with Atlantic white cedar, north- ernment (J. Dowhan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servern white cedar, hemlock, or balsam fir, red maple ice, Charlestown, R.I., personal communication), commonly forms a narrow border around north- and none <strong>of</strong> those species is restricted to red maple eastern bogs (Nichols 1913; Goodw<strong>in</strong> 1942; swamps. However, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species that have Montgomery and Fairbro<strong>the</strong>rs 1963; Moizuk and been observed <strong>in</strong> red maple swamps also appear Liv<strong>in</strong>gston 1966; Osvald 1970; Ellis 1980; Dam- <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial rare-plant lists published by <strong>the</strong> man and French 1987). In a study <strong>of</strong> six peat bogs various nor<strong>the</strong>astern states. Appendix B identi<strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ma<strong>in</strong>e, R.B. Davis (University <strong>of</strong> fies those species and gives <strong>the</strong>ir status <strong>in</strong> each Ma<strong>in</strong>e, Orono, personal communication) noted <strong>the</strong> state. Overall, nearly 140 (33%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species presence <strong>of</strong> Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) known to occur <strong>in</strong> red maple swamps are considand rhodora (RhocloderuLron camdense), typical ered rare, threatened, or endangered <strong>in</strong> one or bog shrubs, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> border<strong>in</strong>g red maple swamps. more states. Balsam fir, black spruce, velvet-leaf blueberry Ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> broad extent and physiographic (Vm<strong>in</strong>ium myrtilloides), black huckleberry (Gay- diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast region, some species are lussacia baccata), mounta<strong>in</strong> holly, and speckled common <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> red maple swamps <strong>of</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> states alder were also present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shrub stratum. but rare <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. Sweet pepperbush, spicebush, Black spruce, tamarack, and white p<strong>in</strong>e were as- and swamp azalea for example, are endangered <strong>in</strong> sociated with red maple <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> overstory <strong>of</strong> those Ma<strong>in</strong>e, but <strong>the</strong>y are among <strong>the</strong> most common swamps, wetland shrubs <strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn New England. Con- A red maple-c<strong>in</strong>namon fern association has also versely, nor<strong>the</strong>rn white cedar is common <strong>in</strong> northbeen recognized as a transitional community <strong>in</strong> ern New England but rare <strong>in</strong> Connecticut, Massasou<strong>the</strong>rn New England (Egler and Nier<strong>in</strong>g 1967; chusetts, and New Jersey. A few plants are listed Damman and Kershner 1977; Anderson et al. 1980; by five or more nor<strong>the</strong>astern states; <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>clude Messier 1980, Metzler 1982). This community typi- climb<strong>in</strong>g fern (Lygodium palmatum), bog birch, cally occupies a slop<strong>in</strong>g, poorly dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil zone, great rhododendron, showy lady's slipper <strong>of</strong>ten just upslope from a seasonally flooded swamp (Cypripedium reg<strong>in</strong>ae), small yellow lady's slipper community. The lack <strong>of</strong> surface water and <strong>the</strong> drier (C. cakeolus var. parviflorum), white adder'sso2 conditions dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g semon, which mouth (Malaxis rnomphy llus var. brachypoda), characterize this transitional community, make <strong>the</strong> Britton's violet (Vila brittoniana), md gypsywort site suitable for species that are more frequently (Lycopus rubellus). Swamp red currant (Ribes found outside <strong>of</strong> wetlands. White oak and American triste), hemlock parsley, sweet coltsfoot (Petmites beech, for example, are commody observed <strong>in</strong> this palmatus), marsh willow-herb (Epilobium paluscommunity <strong>in</strong> Rhode Island. (Not all red maple-c<strong>in</strong>- tre), cyperus-like sedge (Carex pseuckqperus),
and globeflower are. listed <strong>in</strong> four states. Tkie oecurrence <strong>of</strong> bulboua bittercress, globeflower, mossy-cup onk, and aeveral a<strong>the</strong>r species is largely dehsm<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> dist,ribution <strong>of</strong> caIcareoue @oil; thus <strong>the</strong>y are rare or absent <strong>in</strong> many meaa <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nort;keast. Appndix t3 skotzld be regarded simply as a potential list <strong>of</strong> spies <strong>of</strong> concwrn. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sp- cies listed <strong>the</strong>re have ken observed <strong>in</strong> red maple swflrnps sonxewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, but many have not been docbunented <strong>in</strong> that habitat <strong>in</strong> stake where <strong>the</strong>y are considered rare OT endangered. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apscies In <strong>the</strong> IisL (PGC'UF most frequently <strong>in</strong> upland habitats or <strong>in</strong> wetlands o<strong>the</strong>r than red maple swamps. F<strong>in</strong>ally, we muat emphasize that Appendix B lists only those rare spies that appear <strong>in</strong> Table 3.3. Identification <strong>of</strong> additional rare species will be possible only after more comprehensive floristic surveys <strong>of</strong> red maple swamps have been conducted.
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Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
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Preface In many areas of the glacia
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Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
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Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
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Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
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Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
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Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
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Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
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ing the latter years of flowage occ
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Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
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of the bordering upland. Both studi
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Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
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Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
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Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
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Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
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e expected to cause more drastic fl
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and enhancement has been a highly c
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y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
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M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
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Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
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Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
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Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
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Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
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Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
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Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
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Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
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Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
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Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
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Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
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Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
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~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d