Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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this taxonomic group by zone is not possible. Table 3*3 lists mosses, as well as liverworts and lichens, that are known to occur in northeastern red maple swamps. The floristic cornpositiorl of the great majority of red maple swanips in zone I can be broadly described through various combinations of the plant species listed above. As already indicated, the community composition of a particular swamp is often strongly related t~ its hydrogeologic setting. Three basic types of red maple swamps, differentiated by landscape position and flora, are outlined below. These types were first recognized in Connecticut by Metzler and Tiner (1992), but they are clearly applicable throughout southern New England and much of the remainder of zone I. Floristic descriptions are based heavily on Metzler and Tiner. Hillside Seeps and Upland Drainageways These swamps occur most commonly on slopes or in shallow depressions along intermitt,ent or upper perennial streams where till predominates (see Figs. 2.4 and 2.9). They are fed primarily by groundwater seepage and overland flow. Shallow flooding may occur along watercourses during the early spring and after heavy rains, but surface water seldom persists. Most of these sites have a seasonally saturated water regime (Table 2.3). Mineral soils predominak, and surface microrelief is limited except where the ground is strewn with glacial erratics. Dominant trees include red maple, yellow birch, American elm, swamp white oak, and pin oak; black gum and white ash (Fntxinus americana) also are common. A moderately dense understory dominated by spicebush, but with few other important species, is a characteristic feature of this type of swamp (Fig. 3.11). Skunk cabbage, false hellebore, and marsh marigold are dominant herbs. Other common species include cinnamon fern, sensitive fern, spinulose woodfern, swamp jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaerna triphyllum), shining clubmoss (Lycopodiurn luciclulum), marsh blue violet (Viola cucullata), and northern white violet (V. pallens). Seasonally l%oded bin Swamps This type of swamp occurs primarily in undrained basins in either tiU or stratified drift. Typically, surface water is present throughout the dormant season and for the early part of the growing season in most years. Because of the extended p- rid of soil saturation, organic soils are common and nlicromlief is pronounced. Trees and shrubs are mted prhlarily in mounds, which are elevated slightly above t.he seasonal high-water level (Fig. 2.6). Red maple, yellow birch, hemlock, black gt1113, and white pine a.re the principal tree species in thew swamps. The shrub layer, which is oh1 exceedingly dense, is dominated by species such as highbush blueberry, swamp azalea, common vvinterbc?ly, sweet pepperbush, northern arrowwood, and witherod. Cinnamon fern, sensitive fern, mars11 fern, skunk cabbage, manna grass, ruld sedges ( Ca~x spp.) are among the most comnion herbs. Rllosses, includmg peat moss (Sphgrturn spp.), bmn mosses (Dicrurzurn spp.), delicate- Fig, 3.11. Red maple swamp along an upland drainageway in southern New England. Spicebush
fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), and hfnium spp., rare abtmdant, in depresaioalu and at the bmes of mounds. Alluvial Sw~mgs ficd maple swmn~)s Also occur on river terrace8 and in oxbows (Nichols 1915; IioXIand axid Burk 19%) or Mind nattird Icvees, on the low-lying, inner floadpiairt of rivers (Uuell and Wistctndethl 1955; Tiner 19&3; Mcstzler and 'Finer 1992). Tliese swampa may be &*xnlmrarily floodod or seasonally flooded, but most remain wet thrt>tlgIl the growing B ~ R B Q ~O~RUS~ ~ ~ ~ J I F m~jve ~ poilndwabr inflow axkc1 surface runoff HB wall RB overbank flooding (Fig. 3.12). AIluviwi swnntps. me commutrly more nutrient-rich thrtn r~oriflmdplairl swampa, and they often support u mom divcrse plant, rorxtmtixrit;.y. 'l%u varieQ of zuicrc~ll~tLilattl provided t)y ulrdrained slougli~j atrd ritlgttx, arlci tile proxirriit y to more lypicaf fiuuclplriizl co~nrriuxlitirs (e.g., silver ZXIRISI~ CQ~~OE~WOO~I -~al\ -bir%ck willow), also itelp to t~xptain the greattar RJ~c~~
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Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
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Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
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census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
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elated to avian richness and abunda
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Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
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Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
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ing the latter years of flowage occ
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Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
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of the bordering upland. Both studi
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Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
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Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
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Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
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Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
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e expected to cause more drastic fl
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and enhancement has been a highly c
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y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
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M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
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Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
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Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
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Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
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Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
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Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
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Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
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Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
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Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
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Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
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Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
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~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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