Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Red maple swamp with an herb layer dominated by cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnammaa). This is the most common species of fern in northeastern swamps. (Table 3.3). At any single site, however, a few species usually predominate. In the tree layer, the average number of species recorded per swamp (sources in Appendix A) is about four (range 1-9). In southeastern New England swamps, red maple alone may compose as much as 90% of the relative density and relative basal area (Lowry 1984). In other parks of the Northeast, other tree species frequently are better represented. The shrub stratum in most red maple swamps consists of a small number of common species whose relative importance may vary widely from site to site (Little 1951; Ehrenfeld and Gulick 1981; Braiewa 1983; Lowry 1984). The number of species per site reported in the literature ranges from 1 to 15 (sources in Appendix A). Up to 28 species of shrubs and vines have been found in individual red maple swamps fed by calcareous seepage (The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Mass., unpublished data). As few as one to three species commonly make up the majority of the shrub stems in an individual swamp. In Rhode Island, for example, the relative density of sweet pepperbush averaged 53% (range 3-91%) at nine sites studied by Braiewa (1983) and Lowry (1984). This species dominates the shrub layer in many New Jersey red maple swamps as well (Ehrenfeld and Gulick 1981; Ehrenfeld 1986). Common winterberry (Ikx verticillata) composed nearly 50% of the shrub stems sampled in two red maple swamps In central New York (Eleed 1968). At other sites, species such as highbush blueberry, Table 3.3. Flora of red maple swamps in the glaciated Northeast. Zone locations are shown in Ftg. 3.10. Species listed in the zone columns were reported from acidic swamps or swamps of unknown base status;plants listed in the calcareous column (C) were reported from swamps fed by calcareous seepage. Sources for this list are cited in Appendix A. Data for Zone Vare too few to be listed. - -- ----- -- - - --- - - - - -- Zone - - ---- Zone Speciesa I I1 I11 IV C" SpeciesR I I1 I11 IV @" n888 Abh balsrarnea ealsam fr) Aaer mgundo (boxelder) Acer mbrum (red maple) Acer saccharinurn (silver maple) Aaer saccharum (sugar maple) Amelanchier arbom (downy serviceberry) Amlumhier aznodert9k (oblong-leaf serviceberry) Arnelanchier X intermedia (swamp shadbush) Betula alleghaniensis bellow birch) Betulu lenta (black birch) X X X X Betula papyrifem (paper birch) X X Betula populifolia (gray birch) X X X X X Carpinuscaroliniana(b1ue X X X beech) X X X X Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory) X X Carya laciniosa (big shellbark hickory) X X Calya ovata (shagbark hickory) Carya tomentosa (mockerraut X hickory) Chamaeqpnris thyodes X X X X X (Atlantic white cedar) X X X X X X X X X X X X
Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speciese Fagus gmndifoliu (American beech) X X X Fmxinw arnericana ( whi ash) X X X X X Winus nigm (black ash) X X X X Fmrinus pnnsylvank (green ash) X X X X Warnamelis uirginianu (American witch-hazel) X Juglam cinema (buttornut) X Juglam n4gra (black walnut) X Juniperus uirginiana (eastern red cedar) X X La& larich (tamarack) X X X X X Liquidambar stymifirm (sweet gum) X Lirimkndron tulipifcm Cyallow-poplar) X Magnolia virlpiniann (swr?et;t,tty) X NYSWZ sylvaticrz (black :kiturn) X X X Picees glam (white spruce) X PiCEYl nlarinncr: @lack spruce) X X X X Pim rubcna (red spruce) X X X X Pinm rigis2a (pitch pine) X Firm.s strobus (white pinc) X X X X X Platanus omidc.nfaik (American eycamo~) X X hpufws &I~Q&.P (earatern cottonwood) X X X &pub gmndidFnt~tu (big-tooth aspen) X hpulus trnmtuloide~ (quaking aspen) X X X X X Prunus serorina (black cherry) X X X X Qtmxm.~ ulk (white oak) X X X Quem bhhr (awamp white oak) X X X X QURm CBCC~~W (scarlet oak) X C&errms irnbhrics (shingle oak) X Quew nemmrpa (moseycup oak) X S $$mms plwtris (pin oak) X X Qum-etu mbm (nort.hem red oak) X X Salzx nntyg&loidc.g (peach-leaf willow) X Salk n&m @lack willow) X X X Smaafms albi$um (sassafras) X Thuja midentalis (northern white cedm) X X X X Tilia americam {herican basswood) X X X X TS;uga d .wk (-sash hemlock) X X X X Wmus ame- fhtericanelm) X X X X X Utmw mbnt (slippew elm) X X Erect ebb and wscldy vines Ac~r ~mylvnnlcurr~ (strigxd maple) ?E Acer spicnrum (mount~in maple) Ainus irmna (whit alder) Alnus ~ ~ W Z C I fspxkled . alder) X Alrtus sernrlnta &roobide alder) X Arnelanchier spp. (senicx&mics) X Amnk arbutifolia (red choke. hny) X Amnk m e h m m @lark chokebany) X Amnia pnrnifslta (purple choke^^) X Amnia spp. (ct1okeE~bmn~8) fkrkris th~~rafX?ai~ t$J11parie:'8~ barberry) X U.1.rbm-ia. oulgaris (R21~~jl3~8481 bmhll"~') X &tuh yunlzh (bog bwch) X Carpinus oc~rolrrrinnir (bltrt* keh) X Cclastn~s orbictrkrtrr (hum! ne bitterswetht) X Cclmtrars scnn&r~* (Arnrrlcan bitfemwe~bt) )i Celt& arichninlts (Amoncan hacktmny) Cephalarztlrus olu.rtk-.ritafts (buttanbush) X Ckthrrz alnxfilm {swer*t pepprbuah) X Cornus oltr.rrxifoiacr (alt~rrlnt4.- leaf dogww>d 1 C~omus anlornun? (silky do~mi) X Carrrw fwnxina (at iff tiopcwd) tlonats stoloriifcm (mc3-osier dowd) x Corrius app. (dopmdsI Cc>ylus mrnt~fu {&.*caked Irazelnut) X Cmtm>p.e flahlhtrr (Ilcrwt!sorn) X Cnrttxgus qrp. (hrawtklurrzr j Plxv-tdla krrtlirna ( ~~urtl~cn~ t>ush-txon~~.r~uckIt>) S (kyl~tssrrciu Er*nnta (bin& itticMebrry) X &yllrssac:in fmrrclawz (dnrqgt~- beny) X IIanzanelL vtrginwna (Amerrcan witch-hazel 1 X I&x gta bn2 (inkbemy) X Ik;.x 1nt.t.wtn (smwth wintertww) X 1lg-x up~tcillatn (mmnaon wintr?rbrhm) X Juniw~ mrn rntirzis (corasixaon juniper1 X X X X X X X X X
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
show all

Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?