Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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New Jersey averaged 13-15 m (Table 3.1). This narrow range suggests that height growth in red maple is rapid during the frrst 30-40 years and then slows considerably Individual red maple trees may attain heights exceeding 25 m (Anderson et al. 1980), but such specimens are not common. Stand density values reported for red maple swamps vary widely, depending upon the minimum size of stems tallied @able 3.1). Stems at least 10 cm in diameter or at least 6 m tall number 200-1,Cb00/ha (average usually 450-75Wa). Highest densities generally occur in young, sprout-origin stands (Braiewa 1983). Basal area values for northeastern red maple swamps range from less than 12 m2/ha to more than 40 m2/ha. Lowest average values have been reported from Rhode Island, and highest values from New Hampshire and northern New Jersey. Close inspection of Table 3.1 Table 3.1. Structural characteristics of the tree layer in northeastern red maple swamps. - --. - .- . - . No. Characteristic stands Meana 13angeb Conunent Source State Stand height (4 Stand density (stems/ha) Basal area (m2/ha) Unpublished dataC Stand ages 32-55 years Braiewa (1983) Stand ages 55-105 years Lowry (1984) Merrow (1990) Swift et al. (1984) Taylor (1984) Meyers et d. (1981) DBH~ 2 10 cm Height 2 6 m Height 2 6 m DBH 2 4.1 cm DBH 2 2.5 cm DBH 2 10 cm DBH > 7.6 cm DBH > 2.5 cm; stand ages 46-104 years DBH > 2.5 cm; stand ages 50-100 years Lowry (1W) Memw (1990) Unpublished da& Braiewa (1983) Reed (1968) Taylor (1984) Meyers et al. (1981) Ehrenfeld and Gulick (1981) Ehrenfeld (1986) DBH 2 10 cm LO- (1984) Height 2 6 m Unpublished da& Height 2 6 m Memw (1990) Red maple portion of Paratley and conifer-hardwood swamp Fahey (1986) DBH > 10 cm DeGraaf and Rudis (lM) DBH 2 10 cm Taylor (1984) DBH 2 7.6 cm Meyers et al. (1981) DBH 2 2.5 crn EhrenfeId and DBH > 2.5 cm Gulick (1981) Ehrenfeld (1986) aAverage of stand means, except where n = 1. Range of stand means. Data from Rhode Island transition-zone study (see the section on hydrology in chapter 4). d~iarneter at breast height (1.4 m). Study conducted outside the glaciated Northeast.
suggesta a strong correlation between basal area and stand density. In mature red maple forested wetlands, canopy cover t:ommonly exceeds 80% (Miller and Getz 1977a; Lowry 1984; Merrow 1990). Lower values are most likely in old stands where gaps have been created by tree mortality, in stands that have been logged or subjected to mnt hurricanes or other extreme weather evenb, and at sites too wet to support continuous forest cover. Shrub Layer Most red maple swrunps in the Northeast are characterized by a dense, well-developed shrub layer (Ehrenfeld and Gulick 1981; Lowry 1984; Ehrexdeld 1986). This stratum is typically dominated by broad-leaved deciduous shrubs 2-3 nx tall Figs. 2.3 and 2.6), but lower shrubs, vines, saplings, and tree seedlings may be preserit as well. Broad-leaved evergreexz shrubs, such its mountain laurel (Kn t min Iat ifolict), sheep lnurc4 (X. a~mstifilia), and inkberry (Iler ghbm), com- pose a small percentage of the cover at soxne sit~s, axzd needlo-leaved evergreens, inciuding balsam fir and herican yew (nxus wrm&nsis), may be an important component of the understory in some red maple swamps in northem New England. A unique, often monotypic, shrub stratum found in some southern New England swamps is formed by great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), a broad-leaved evergreen that may reach heights of 5-6 m (Fig. 3.7). Where this species predominatea, other shrubs and herbs usudly are scarce (Lowry 1984). While the shrub layer is well developed in most undisturbed red maple swamps, it may be practically nonexistent in young forests that have developed directly from wet meadows without an intervening shrub stage (Fig. 3.8)) or in forests that are grazed by cattle. Shrub abundance may vary widely within a swamp as well. Total shrub cover exceeds 50% in most red maple swamps, but reported values range from as low as 21°/0 to as high as W/o (Table 3.2). The extent of cover varies not only among swamps, but also among shrub height classes. Nearly all of the dominant shrub species in red maple swamps range fro111 2 to 4 m in height at maturity; as a result, this height class constitutes the bulk of the cover at most sites. In six mature Rhode Island swamps, for example, cover values for saplings Fig. 3.7. Red maple swamp with understory dominated by mat rhodoc3eendron (R maximum). dran
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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