Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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$able 2+4. Soil dnzinuge classes jafier Wright and Sautter 2 979). -- -- --.- - - ---- bmage class Characteristics --- -- - - -------- -- Excessively drained BrightIy colored; usually coarse-textured; rapid permeability; very low water-holding capacity; subsoil free of mottlesa Somewhat excessively drained Brightly colored; rather sandy; rapid permeability; low water-holding capacity; subsoil free of mottles Well drained Color usually bright yellow, red, or brown; drain excess water readily, but contain sufficient fine material to provide adequate moisture for plant growth; subsoil free of mottles to a depth of at least 91 cm Moderately well drained Generally any texture, but internal drainage is restricted to some degree; mottles common in the lower part of the subsoil, generally at a depth of 46-91 cm; may remain wet and cold later in spring; generally suited for agricultural use Somewhat poorly drained Remain wet for long periods of time due to slow removal of water; generally have a slowly permeable layer within the profile or a high water table; mottles common in the subsoil at a depth of 20-46 cm brly drained Dark, thick surface horizons commonly; gray colors usuilly dominate subsoil; water table at or near the surface during a considerable part of the year; mottles frequently found within 20 cm of the soil surface Very poorly drained Generally thick black surface horizons and gray subsoil; saturated by high water table most of the year; usually occur in level or depressed sites and are frequently ponded with water "See the section on soils in this chapter for a discussion of the significance of mottlcs. detailed account of water level activity in seasonally flooded and seasonally saturated red maple swamps. The following discussion of water levels is based on their findings. General Patterns Water levels in red maple swamps are highly dynamic; marked variations among seasons, years, and swamps are typical. Figure 2.7 shows the general pattern of water level activity in seasonally flooded red maple swamps, based on Lowry's (1984) study. From an annual high in the spring (April-May), water levels at all six sites declined to their lowest points in late summer or early fall. The low point commonly occurred in September, but ranged from July to October, depending on the amount and distribution of precipitation in the particular year. High water levels ranged from 20 cm above the surface to 20 cm below in most years, but low water levels were far more variable. In the wettest year of the study (1979), three of the swamps had water at or above the surface during the entire measurement period (mid-April to mid-December); water levels at the other sites remained within 30 cm below the surface in that year. In the driest years of the study (1980,1981), water levels at all sites dropped more than 50 cm below the surface, and at some sites a subsurface depth of 1 m was exceeded. Differences in water levels among sites were greatest at the end of the summer, when water levels were lowest (Fig. 2.7). The greatest differences were observed in the driest years. Lowry (1984) concluded that these differences in low water levels resulted from differing amounts of groundwater inflow at the various sites, a factor determined by hydrogeologic setting and soil type (Bay 1967; OBrien 1977). In nearly every year, water levels were clearly influenced not only by total precipitation, but also by distinct weather patterns or unusual events (e.g., heavy rains associated with Hurricane Belle in August of 1976; exceptionally high rainfall in May of 1978 and June of 1982; abnormally high, well-distributed rainfall in 1979; and consistently low rainfall throughout 1980 and 1981). Inspection of the water level hydrographs (Fig. 2.7) revealed that most of the sites studied by Lowry (1984) met the definition of seasonally flooded (Table 2.3), while the others were seasonally saturated. The soils at all of those sites were very poorly drained. In the transition-zone stud% all of the wetland stations-poorly drained and very poorly drained-were seasonally saturated; except for brief rainfall events, surface water was absent during the growing season in most years. Figure 2.8 provides a 3-year record of water levels at 2 of the 54 wetland stations monitored
Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode Island red maple swamps during a ?-year perid. Annual precipitation values are shown in parentheses. Mean annual precipitation for 1951-80 was 123.2 cm (data from Lowry 1W). i I ( I > < [ I l 9fJii l ~ cr i (~rowi:iij ' ; id ii)wir~ij I j C;row~ng j :(( ) I :,,~l-26b~~r~ ' seasor; , I season 1 p' tll i ! (1 J 1 I (10 5 1') , (:[
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88:
dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94:
Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96:
1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98:
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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