Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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-- Table 1.4. Relaztive abundance of forested wetland and broacl-leaved deciduous (D) forested wetlad in t h glaciated nodhasten United States (based on Nationnl Wetlands Inventory and New York State Wetlamb Inventory data5). -- - -- - - -- ppp --- Total palustrine Forested BLD forested BLD forested wetland wetland wetland wetland State O.4 ("/) (O'9 - ~ Bode Island 23,12 New Jersey b 42,145 68 68 28,644 Massachusetts 188,714 71 64 121,067 Connecticut 61,454 €4 60 36,863 Maine" 76,802 64 firms ylvania d 90,900 56 New York 360,905 48 34 123,934 Vermont 88,514 55 27 --.- -- 23,728 aN~tional Wetland Inventory (NWI) data were u rk. All NWI statistics except for Island (Tiner 1989b), New Jersey (Tiner 1985), and Maine (Fefer 1980) are unpublist~ed and were providedby R. Tiner, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Mass. Statistics for New York were gent:mted by the New York State Wetlands Inventory (Wonnor and Cole 1989). 'Data are from eight northern counties that are at least 50041 ylacinkd: Susscx, I'assaic, 13(:rye11, Essex, Iiudsor,, Warren, Morris, and Union. " Data are from 105-town coastal zone only (Fefer 1980). d~ata are from glaciated regions of state only: Middle Western Upland Plain, Northern and Soutllern Poconos, and Other Glaciated Northeast Pennsylvania. See Tiner (1989~) for region locatio~ks. National Wetlands Inventory mapping has not been completed in New York, but comparable statewide wetland area statistics have been generated by the New York State Wetlands Inventory, which was conducted by the state's Department of Environmental Conservation in the 1970's (Hardy and Johnston 1975; Q'Connor and Cole 1989). Those data have been used in this profde to estimate the abundance of red maple swamps in New York. Statewide wetland inventory statistics are currently unavailable for New Hampshire and Maine. In the six states for which statewide NWI statistics are available, forested wetland constitutes from 55% (Vermont) to 83% (Rhode Island) of all palustrine wetland (Table 1.4). In New York, the estimate is 48%, and in coastal Maine, 64%. Widoff (1988) estimated an area of about 2 million hectares of palustrine wetland in Maine as a whole, of which 1.2 million (60%) are forested. The broad-leaved deciduous subclass of forested wetland predominates in all areas of the glaciated Northeast except for the spruce-fir regions. In the southern New England-northern New Jersey ma, broad-leaved deciduous forested wetlands compose fmm 60 to 77% of all palwtgine wetland Fable 1.4). In the colder parts of the Northeast, particdarly in northern New England and the Adirondacks, broadleaved deciduous wetland forests decline in abundance, while needle-leaved evergreen wetland forests increase markedly. In Vermont, for example, broad-leaved deciduous swamps constitute only 27% of all palustrine wetland; needle-leaved evergreen swamps account for 24% of the total. According to NWI statistics, the total area of broad-leaved deciduous forested wetland ranges from 18,000 ha in Rhode Island to 121,000 ha in Massachusetts (Table 1.4). New York has at least 124,W ha (O'Connor and Cole 1989). Physiographic Variation in Wet land The size and relative abundance of inland wetlands (and red maple swamps) vary markedly from one part of the glaciated Northeast to another, chiefly as a result of differences in topographic relief, swcfxeial geology, and related surface drainage. Wetlands are especially abundant wherever togographic and geologic conditions prevent water from freely ~ t s a ~ soils or flowing off the land surface. Ln central and eastern Maine, where shallow soils ad a mllinrg, bedrock-c0nfsoIIed Iandscape provide an abundance of moisture at the surface year-round, weUands have been esthat~d to cover 9-1F/o of the landscape (Widoff 1988). In southeastern New England, broad lowlands, high regional groundwater tables, and generally congested surface &ahage also lead to a
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Irt ucr land trrea in each gicxcicrt~d nortl~asf~rn state couered Sy palustrine {baspd on fitional WetLand.j Inventor.?; jhrWI] and ,yew Yurk State St at*' Iaxcxir. i~faxtd 6.0 %$.ansrpcrcl~trrwbtrt 2,Q%7,36fi 9.3 6.6 ?JItti~v'( 835,375 9.2 5.9 New .Jcar~c~y 534,534 7.9 54 5.4 Q'ntrtlt~l ic~t 1,2U2,267 4 9 3. 1 2.9 E ~rhr.atlrsylvrti~ilr" 2,049,318 4.4 2.3 V~mkotd 2,40"2,7 I2 3.7 2.0 1 .o Nthw York I 2,?AO,Rf%3 2.9 1.4 - -- 1 .O - - " VWt r.itrr~ avrr ttrrt-tl for dl rrcr1tr.w hrrt Nvw York All NWI ~tat~wt~c.fi
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74:
kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78:
difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80:
in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82:
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84:
Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88:
dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94:
Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96:
1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98:
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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