Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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Seabard Lowlarad =@om $a more than 1 ,504) rn in the 'M7kite Mounts md Ahndacb. Coastal areas (incluw the Great Lakes region) generally are relatively flat> while mountainous regions are chcaracterized by step slopes and nmow valleys. The bulk of the Northeast falls within the New England Upland and Glaciated Allegheny Plateau regions, where moderate elevations (150-600 m), rolling hills, and nmw river valleys predominate. Bedrock types include primarily igneous and metamorphic mks through most of New England and in the Adkrondack Mountains and limestone, sandstone, and shale in much of the rest of the Northeast vable 1.1). Unstratified glacial deposits, more commonly known as till, predominate in the region. Stratified deposits are found in abundance in lowlands near the glacial limit, especially in southern New England (Seaboard Lowland) and northern New Jersey (Coastal Main and Piedmont), but also in deep preglacial valleys of central New Uork and in low-lying areas within the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley physiographic regions. Marine sediments occur in parts of the New England Seaboard Lowland and St. Lawrence Val- Iey (Ferneman 1938; Lull 1968; Cunningham and Ciolkosz 1984). Climate G h t e in the Northeast is highly varied because of the wide range of physiographic conditions and the idu- of the Atlantic Ocean and Great Lakes (Cunnhgham and Ciolkcsz 1934). Variability in time and is probably the most mntpicuous as@ of the region's climate. There are wide ranges in daily and mual tempsmh, wide variations in temperature and pmipihtion for the same month or season in different years, and marked fluctuations in weather conditions over short periods (Ruffner 1985). bughoutthe glaciated Northeast, precipitation is evenly distxibuted over the year. Total annual precipitation ranges from more than 135 cm incertainamas of the White Mountains, Green Mountains, and Catskhllstolessthan75cmin~eGreatLakesregionand the Lake Champlain basin (Moody et it. 1986). Mean annual precipitation values for the variou9 northeastern stah are similar, however, gendy averaging 102- 122 cm. Total snowfall varies greatly overthe glaciated Northeast, Annual m10unts from less than 81cmonthe~astalRaintoasmu&as400cminpar@ of the White Mountains &dl 1968). Mean annual air temperatures range from less than 4" C in northern New England to 10" C in parts of southeastern New England, northern New Jersey, and northeastern Pennsylvania (Cunningham and Ciokosz 1984). Average daily minimum temperatures in January are below freezing throughout the glaciated Northeast, ranging from -18" C in northern New England to -3" C along the Atlantic coast (Lull 1968). Average daily maximum temperatures in July range from 21" to 30" C. The length ofthe bze-free period varies from less than 90 days in parts of the White Mountah, Gren Mountains, and Adirondacksto 180-210 days in coastal areas of wuthernNew England (Lull 1968). Table 1.2 summks climatic Table 1.2. Climatic data for the northeastern United States, by physiographic region (from Lull 1968). Region Mean annual Mean annual Mean freezeprecipitation snowfall _M+daily_ +sArnp2-CQ free period (cm> (cm) Jan. min. July max. (days) New England Upland 107 188 -13 27 128 New England Seaboard Lowland 109 145 -9 27 157 White Mountains 102 257 - 16 26 112 Green Mountains 107 188 -12 27 111 Adirondacks 107 272 - 14 27 114 Great Lakesa 84 190 -10 28 14-8 Glaciated Allegheny Plateau 102 163 -9 28 127 Ridge and ~dle$ 102 84 -6 29 159 Fiedmontb 112 66 -4 31 172 Coastal Plainb 114 46 -3 29 192 - - - -.-- -- -- - -- -- - -- --- - --- -- aIncludes ~lunatic data from thr St Lawrence 'balley region described in this report -- -- '~ncludes data from unglac~ated and Mew Jersey states (West Virgin~n, Maryland, and 1)elaaare) and fro1-r) uxrglaciatcd ponlons of Pennsyl-vanla --
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mite Ptne-Hemlock-Hardwood in] Oak-Yellow Poplar Pitch Pine-Hardwood Fig. 1.3. Major forest regj om of the glaciated Northeast (after Lull 1968 and Little 1979). Limit of Wisconsin T data for each physiographic region in the Northeast. Major Forest Regions The forests of the glaciated Northeast can be divided into five major regions (Fig. 1.3), which are differentiated according to the forest associations that dominate the upland landscape: spruce-fir, beechbirch-maple, white pine-hemlock-hardwood, oakyellow-poplar, and pitch pine-hardwood. As comparison of Figs. 1.2 and 1.3 suggests, the confition of the various forest regions is determined largely by physiography and related climatic fa&. Table 1.3 identifies the most common tree species found on upland and wetland sites in the five forest regions. Red maple swamps occur throughout the North&, but their relative abundance and floristic mmposition vary with physiography and forest region Cenerallx Cdese wetlands are most abundant in the white pine-hemlock-hardwd region and least abundant in the spmm-fir region. Eeologg~ and Distribution of Red Maple Red maple is an extremely broadly adapted species that OGCWS in both wetland and upland habitats throughout the eastern United States @owells 1965). It is found virtually everywhere east of the 100th meridian where precipitation is adequate to support tree growth (Fig. 1.4). It occurs on dry, moist, and wet soils derived from a wide variety of bedrock types, ranging from acidic granites and gneisses to basic sedimentary rocks such as limestone. It grows on dry mountain ridges, in seasonally flooded depressions with organic or mineral soils, in mesic hardwood forests, in bored conifer forests, and in southern bottomlands. Both northern and southern wetland studies characterize red maple as a moderately flood-tolerant tree (Hall and Smith 1955; Teskey and Hinckley 1978a, 197810; McKnight et al. 1981; Theriot 1988) that is most common on sites that are intermediate in wetness between permanent flooding and temporary or intermittent flooding (Buell and Wistendahl 1955; Satterlund 1960; Monk 1966; Sollers 1973; Dabel and Day 1977; Conner and Day 1982; Huenneke 1982). In the glaciated Northeast, red maple predominates in swamps where soils are saturated or flooded from late fall through early summer in most years. The Society of American Foresters (SAF) currently recognizes 90 forest cover types in the eastern United States (Eyre 1980). Redmaple is a major component (i.e., composes at least 2% of total stand basal area) in five of these types and is listed as an associated species in 63 others. It is a major or associated species in 41 of the 43 forest cover
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70:
and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72:
was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74:
kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
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difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80:
in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82:
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84:
Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88:
dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94:
Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
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1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98:
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
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mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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