Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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Fig. 1.1. Broad-leaved deciduous forested wetland dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum). maple forested wetlands are commonly referred to moet recent, or Wisconsin, glaciation @lint 1971). as red maple swamps (Golet and Larson 1974), and The region includes New England, all of New York that more familiar term will be used interchangeably except for a small area along the Bnnsylvania border with " f d wetland" in this report. in the western part of the state, northeastern and For our purpoees, the southern limit of the glaciated northwestern Pennsylvania, and northern New Northeast coincides with the maximum extent of the Jersey (Fig. 1.2). While red maple swamps occur ..,. : A : . ... . ... Limit of Wisconsin Glaciot~on Catskill Mountains : 8 : Connecticut River Valley . ig. 1.2. Physiographic regions of the glaciated Northeast (adapted from Lull 1968 and Fenneman 1938). The Catskill Mountains and Connecticut River valley are shown for reference pusposes, but are not considered separate regions.
Regional Setting throughout the glaciated Northeast, their size, - abundance, typicd landscape positions, edaphic characteristics, flora, and fauna all vary as a Pk~ysiography result of the physiographic and climatic diversity of the region. The following section outlines the The physiogrcbphy of the glaciated Northeast is exregional setting or context within which north- tremely varied (Fig. 1.2, Table 1.1). Elevations eastern red maple swamps are found. from sea level in the Goastal Rain arid New England Table 1 .I, Synoptic outline of the physiographic regions of the glaciated Nortkmt (based on Fenneman 1938, Lull 1968, and Cunninghum and Ciolkosz 1984). Elevation above Region sea level (m) Salient features Geology New England Seaboard Lowland New England Upland White Mountains Green Mountains St. Lawrence Valley Great Lakes Glaciated ,4llegheny Plateau Xidge and Valley Piedmont Coastal Plain 370-600 (average) < 60 (average) Narrow, low-lying coastal zone with varied shoreline, including rocky shores, barrier spits and islands, and sand beaches Elevated plain with rolling hills, narrow valleys, numerous lakes; also contains Connecticut River valley (elev. 5120 m) White Mountains and adjacent elevated lands formed by massive granite intrusion; steep slopes and narrow valleys Low mountain ranges, including Green Mountains and Taconic Range, separated by a narrow valley Low-lying plain along St. Lawrence Ever and in Lake Champlain basin; scattered drumlins up to 30 m high Broad plateau (elevation approximately 600 m) in western portion, mountains in east; more than 2,000 lakes Low-lying region between Finger Lakes and skes Erie and Ontario Broad, uplifted plain west of Appalachians; elevations drop to 120 m in river valleys and climb to 1,200 m in Catskill Mountains Long, narrow, flat-topped ridges and deep valleys on western slope of Appalachians; most of region is unglaciakd Region of gentle slopes (relief < 15 m) except in river valleys; sndl segment of large, mairJy unglaciated region Coastal strip limited to Cape Cod, Mass., hng Island, N.Y., and northeastern N.J.; part of much larger, primarily unglaciated, region Granite and schist in Maine, granite, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks elsewhere; abundant stratified drift in southern New England Granite, gneiss, schist, slate, shale, some Thassic sandstone in Connecticut River valley; diverse glacial deposits dominated by till Intrusive igneous rocks, mainly granite, overlain by till Slate and schist in mountains, limestone and marble in lowland between ranges Glacial drift and marine clays and sands over sandstone, limestone, and shale Precambrian igneous rocks, primarily granite, overlain by till Limestone, sandstone, and shale overlain by glacial Iake deposib and other drift Limestone, sandstone, shale, and conglomerate; diverse glacial deposits Ridges: sandstone and conglomerate; valleys: shale and limestone Triassic sandstone, shale, and conglomerate; extensive glacial lake deposits -h northern New Jersey Glacial end moraines and outwash over Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68:
~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70:
and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72:
was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74:
kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78:
difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80:
in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82:
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84:
Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88:
dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94:
Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96:
1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98:
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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