Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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Ecoloa of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A Community Profile Francis C. Golet, Arm J.K. Calhoun, and William R. DeRagon Department of Natuml Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston, R W Island 02881 Dennis J. Lowry IEP/l&gro-McClelland, Inc. Northborough, Massachusetts 01532 and Arthur J. Gold Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston, R W Island 02881 Abstract. This report is part of a series of profiles on the ecology of wetland and deepwater habitats. This particular profile addresses red maple swamps in the glaciated northeastern United States. Red maple (Acer rubrum) swamp is a dominant wetland type in most of the region; it reaches its greatest abundance in southern New England and northern New Jersey, where it comprises 60-80% of all inland wetlands. Red maple swamps occur in a wide variety of hydrogeologic settings, from small, isolated basins in till or glaciofluvial deposits to extensive wetland complexes on glacial lake beds, and from hillside seeps to stream floodplains and lake edges. Individual swamps may be seasonally flooded, temporarily flooded, or seasonally saturated, and soils may be mineral or organic. As many as five distinct vegetation layers may occur in these swamps, including trees, saplings, shrubs, herbs, and ground cover plants such as bryophytes and clubrnosses. Cm a regional scale, red maple swamps support at least 50 species of trees, more than 90 species of shrubs and vines, and more than 300 species of nonwoody plants. These swamps also provide habitat for a rich faunal community, including several wetland-dependent species. In areas that are becoming urbanized, these wetlands often constitute critical habitat for facultative species as well. Red maple swamps also are important sites for flood storage, water quality improvement, recreation, scenic beauty, and open space. Key words: Swamp, red maple, Awr rubrum, forested wetlands, deciduous forest, northemtern United States.
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbrsests of the Northd'afit (Tsly,vt cfmmxknsis), white pine (finus stmbus), and pitch pint (I-"inus rgdu). Broad-leaved deciduous forested wetlands are the predominant ~utxlms in the Northeast. Abundant in all parts of the regiorr exc~pt for the sprucefir zones, broad-leaved deciduous wetland forests occur in a variety of settings. On major river floodpI;z1t1s, ~Zonlinnx~t spc~ies typically include silver maple (Amr scrrtclmrinum), easterri cottonwml. (I2opu lus c-lr.1 toicfts), asheas (filrc~rinuspp.), black wlllow (Sulix nigrcr), sycamore (Platanus occidentnlis), pin oak (Qucrcus pcxlustris), elm (Ulmus spp.), wnrl rivw birch (Retula nigm) (Teskey and t ilr:r-klc>y l""i8tt; 1 lolland and B~ark 1984; Metzler ~tntl I)ii~i~liiiirl 1985; ltfrer 1985). Broad-leaved dccrtliro~ls fonast~.d wtd IzulcLr illso WIW in Lwlated up- 1:trld ttcyrc.ssio~ls, rat td:c~hcaciwatcru of strr~mls, dong t,iit, S~OM'S of liikt's arid high-gradient prexulid wat~~tuu~um3s, tu~d as wet cxpax~ses in bmd vdleya arid (YMB~JZ~ 10wIartds. 111 all of them x~onfloodplRin wtti~~w, izrtd in the wcatl~>r parts of numy floodplaim its well, the do1 ninrtrrt sgx~irs throughout the Northeast al~~lost i~ivartizbly is red nlrrple (Awr rubmm) (Fig. 1 .I). '171:s cc~rimluirity profile d~~4critK.s the mloby of wtf rri;q)lc) forested wetlards in the glaciated p~t'lloxt. of the rtortlleimt~n~ 'CJ~ritd Stah. IZcd Map Er I%rt~st~d Wet lands. 1x1 reti xnaplt forested weLlruids, red maple is the tialxlir~r+rlt overstory six-ics-the "dominance type" of Cowartiirl 6.t nl. (1979)). In Ixlarv broad-leaved cfr~cidunus forcasted w~*tlitncls irr the glaciated Northeii~t, red JLI it pic C
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12: Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66:
countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68:
~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70:
and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72:
was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74:
kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78:
difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80:
in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82:
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84:
Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
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dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
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Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
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1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
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Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
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mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
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Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
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e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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