Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). This species uses seasonally flooded and temporarily flooded red maple swamps extensively, both in breeding and in spring and fall migration. Photo by W Byme. (McLaughlin and Grice 1952; McGilvrey 1968; Bell- was less attractive for wood duck nestii. A8 a rose 1976). result, breeding densities declined, but nest success Green-timber impoundments at the Montezuma increased. National Wildlife Refuge provided high quality Black ducks, which breed in a great variety of nesting habitat for wood ducks (Reed 1968; habitah, are most co-only found in fieshwabr 'I'hompson et al. 1968; Haramis 1975). Water depth or estuarine rnarshes; however, swamps and beaver was maintained at about 25 cm throughout the flowages important breeding habitats in nesting season, and the density of II~tllral cavities many areas of the Northeast (coder and Mendall was relatively high Wed 1968; Haramis 1968; Reed 1968; Thompon et 1968; Rhgeh The introduction of nest boxes dramatically inet 1982; Kirby 1988). In central Maine, breeding popuJatiOn Wood ducks for years black ducks showed preference9 in descending order after the boxes were installed; however, competiof importance, for emergent marsh, deciduous fortion for nesting boxes, dump-nesting by hens unested wetland, and deciduous shrub swamp able to eecure nesting cavities, and increased predation on eggs by woodpeckers (primarily northern (Ringelman et al. 1982). Diefenbach and Owen flicker, Colaptes aumtus) lowered wood duck hatch- (1989) developed a model of breeding season habiing Bumess and increased +.he frequency of nest tat use in the same area of central Maine and found desertion ( ~ and Thompson ~ 1985). ~ This ~ four habitat i variables ~ to be most Fmprtant in p ~ - trend was reversed in 1978, when flooding of the dicting wetland US^ by black ducks: (I) perimeter impoundment was discontinued to reduce stress on of surface water area, (2) area of timber flooded by the forest community. Without abundant surface at least 10 cm of water, (3) presence of beaver, and water, the forested interior of the impoundment (4) visibility of occupied human dwellings (negative
omlation). b th studies stressed the imp-ce of beaver flowages to breeding waterfowl. Red maple swamps are not primary brood habitat for waterfowl, mainly because most swamps lack surfaee water by early summer to midsummer. High-quality food may be scarce as well in many swamps. For these reasons, semipermanently and permanently flooded shrub swamps and emergent wetlands serve as primary brood areas for northeastern waterfowl (McGilvrey 1968; Kivisalu et al. 1970; Ringelman and Longore 1982; Kirby 1988). Mammals Nearly 50 species of mammals are known to live in northeastern red maple swamps (Table 7.4). These species range in size from large animals, such as moose (Alas akes), black bears (Ursus americanus), and white-Wed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), to smaller animals, such as raccoons, river otters, voles, shrews, and bats. Some species, such as beaver, otter, mink, and water shrew (Sorex palustris), are wetland dependent, but the great majority of mammals found in northeastern forested wetlands are facultative species (Kirkland and Serfass 1989). Significant research on the mammalian use of red maple swamps has been limibd t;a studies of small mammals and black bears, Small Mammals Jersey and Connecticut indi- Table 7.4. Wetland dependence of mammals occurring in red maple swamps of the glaciated Northeast (from DeGraaf and Rudis 1986; Kirktand and Serfass 1989). Wetland-dependent species Water shrew Star-nosed mole Beaver Mink River otter Facultative epeciee Virginia opposum Masked shrew Smoky ahrew ~orthern short-tailed shrew Hairy-tailed mole Eastern mole Keen's myotis Little brown myotis Indiana myotis Red bat Silver-haired bat Eastern pipistrelle Big brown bat Eastern cottontail New England cottontail Snowshoe hare Eastern chipmunk Woodchuck Gray squirrel Red squirrel Southern flying squirrel White-footed mouse Deer mouse Southern red-backed vole ~~~d~~ vole a variety of habitats wetland (red r numbers of Pbrcupine Red fox Gray fox 7.5). White- Fh2-n d in for-
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Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
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Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
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Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
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Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
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Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
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Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
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Regional Setting throughout the gla
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C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
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Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
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~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
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Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
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egional groundwakr table by the roc
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y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
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inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
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Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
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Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
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The duration of soil saturation has
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Organic soils are always very poorl
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Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
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.dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
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Community S tructare Red maple swam
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suggesta a strong correlation betwe
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Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
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Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
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Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
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Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
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Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
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on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
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fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135: e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137: and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139: y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141: M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143: Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145: Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147: Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149: Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151: Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153: Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155: Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157: Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159: Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161: Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163: Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165: ~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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