Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with understory dominated by great rhododendron ........ 36
Fig . 3.8. Young red maple forested wetland with a poorly developed shrub layer ....... 37
Fig . 3.9. Red maple swamp with an herb layer dominated by cinnamon fern ......... 39
Fig . 3.10. Zones depicting variation in floristic composition and relative abundance of
red maple swamps in the glaciated Northeast ........................ 47
Fig 3.11. Red maple swamp along an upland drainageway in southern New England 49
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Fig . 3.12. Southern New England alluvial swamp in mid-April ................ 50
Pig . 4.1. Toposequences of plant communities on a till-covered gneiss hill in western
Connecticut ........................................... 59
Fig . 4.2. Water level fluctuation in red maple swamps and other wetland communities
of northwestern Connecticut ................................. 60
Fig . 4.3. Relative importance of plants from five wetland indicator categories along a
soil moisture gradient in southern Rhode Island ...................... 63
Fig . 4.4. Red maple tree toppled by wind ............................. 68
Fig . 4.5. Mound-and-pool microrelief in a seasonally flooded red maple swamp ........ 69
Fig . 4.6. Influence of microrelief on plant distribution in a red maple swamp .....,... 70
Fig . 4.7. Frequency distributions of five plant species according to microsite and water
regime in a central New York swamp ............................ 71
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Fig 4.8. Red maple seedlings in sphagnum moss on the floor of a red maple swamp 72
Fig . 4.9. Ecological position of red maple swamps and other wetland types of
northwestern Connecticut with respect to moisture regime and pH near the soil
surface ............................................. 74
Fig . 5.1. Annual radial growth of red maple in six Rhode Island swamps ........... 77
Fig . 5.2. Relationship between annual radial growth of red maple and mean annual
water level in six Rhode Island red maple swamps from 1976 through 1981 ....... 78
Fig . 5.3. Red maple leaf litter on the floor of a seasonally flooded alluvial swamp in
earlyspring .......................................... 80
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Fig 5.4. Nutrient-cycling processes and pathways in a red maple forested wetland 82
Fig 5.5. Red maple swamp along a perennial stream 84
Fig . 6.1. Major changes in southern New England freshwater wetlands over a 20- to
33-year period ......................................... 88
Fig . 6.2. Former wet meadow invaded by red maple ....................... 90
Fig . 6.3. Stunted red maple saplings in a shrub swamp with continuously saturated
soil ............................................... 90
Fig . 6.4. Retrogressive changes in northeastern red maple swamps due to water level
rise or cutting ......................................... 91
Fig . 6.5. Active beaver pond constructed in a former red maple swamp ............ 92
Fig . 6.6. Recently abandoned beaver flowage dominated by graminoids ............ 92
Fig . 7.1. Wood frog ......................................... $33
Fig . 7.2. Northern waterthrush .................................* 99
Fig . 7.3. Canada warbler ..................................... 99
Fig . 7.4. Avian breeding species richness as a function of wetland size in nohheastem
red maple swamps ...................................... 108
Fig . 7.5. Breeding bird richness and diversity in major NoAh American vegetation
types .............................................. 101