Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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(Mniotila varia), regularly breed in both upland habitats and red maple swamps. Others, including several species of warblers, make extensive use of forested wetlands during migration, but breed in uplands, Some facultative species clearly prefer wetlands during winter. In %ode Island, wild turkeys (Mekagris ga2lopavo) feed in late winter 011 the sporophylls of sensitive fern in red maple swamps (C. Baker, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, personal communication). Red maple itself is a preferred winter browse of the eastern cottontail (Sylv ilagus floridanus) (Cronan and Brooks 1968). Additional examples of facultative species that regularly inhabit red maple swamps include the American crow (Corvus bmchyrhynchus), American robin (TLLTdUS migrutorius), blue jay (Cyanocittn crtstata), great crested flycatxher (Myinrchus crinitus), raccoon (Pmcyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginianu), and white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Reptiles and Amphibians Reptiles and amphibians constitute a significant proportion of some northeastern forest animal cornmunities. For instance, in the northern hardwoad (American beech-yellow birch-sugar maple) forests of Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, Burt011 and Likens (1975) found that the biomass of salamanders was approximately twice that of the breeding bird community, and was rougfily equal to the biomass of small mammals. Studies of amphibians and reptiles in northeastern forested wetlands are rare, even though these habitats appear to be of major importance to forest-dwelling species. DeGraaf and Rudis (1986) identified 45 New England species of amphibians and reptiles that use forest wver at some time during the year. Of the 11 forest cover types reviewed, red maple was the most frequently preferred (by 12 species); it was used, but not preferred, by an additional 30 species pable 7.1). Because the majority of amphibians require standing water for breeding, vegetation structure may be less important to them than water regime (NlcCoy 1989). The seasonal flooding of many red maple swmps provides suitable breeding asem for several spies and iu clearly a prime reason for selection of this habitat .type by axnphibians and reptiles. More recently, Wraaf and Rudis ( 1W) compared the hewtofauna of three forest cover +s in New Hampshire: northern hardwoods, balsam fi? Table 7.1. Use of red map& sroarnps by amphibians and reptiles in Ncru Engknd. Habitat suitability for eadz specks is noted eitht.r as P = pmferred habitat or U = utilized habitat {data from Broedlrlg breeding Amphibiam Marbled salamander P U Jefferson salamander P U Spotted salamander P U Mountain dusky salamander P U Redback salamander P U Northern slimy salamander P U Four-toed salamander P U Spring salamander P U Northern two-lined salamarrder P U Pickerel frog Northern leopard frog U U U Silvery salamander U Blue-spotted salamander U Tremblay's salamander U Eastern newt U Dusky salamander U American toad Fowler's toad U U Spring peeper U Gray treefrog U Bullfrog U Green frog U Mink frog U Wood frog U Reptiles Five-lined skink Eastern ribbon snake Ringneck snake Wood turtle Eastern box turtle Northern water snake Brown snake Redbelly snake Common garter snake Racer Rat snake Milk snake Copperhead Timber rattlesnake Smooth green snake Paint~d turtle Snapping turtle Boa turtle and red maple. All L h r ~ forest tm supported the same number of species of reptiles Rnd amphibians (11); however, relative abundance was significantly higher in red maple and northern hardwood stands
Table 7.2, Rehtive abundume of ~ptibs a d amphibk~ns capfu~cl iasili.zira or inttnediately !j*djac"c'nf hlerican toad 18.0 8.0 24.5 Spotted aalarnnrldctr 2.6 0.8 3.1 Eastem newt 1.8 I .Ci 14 Spring ~ mpr 1.8 2.0 0.2 Cmn fwg 0.9 5.8 NarLkxem two-lin~i salamantlcr 0.7 C~~rnrnon gaar srlakt% 0.6 0.4 0.1 Spring ~ JWIBIXIRZ~~C~ 0.4 e0 1 Xhisky rwiur~~rin(ler 0.2 Nortl~er~r itwpczrd frog 2.1) R,tar-W+d swlam~inrlcr 2 6 I+ckerc*l frog 1 .ti RI~sblcd cualarnandtar 0.3 Chay ~mt*frfl.op 0.2 Iiiswlpr'd toad 0.1 1%tra1ircl Ctirtlc 10 1 tixtai>p,f;rirkg t ~arllc lo 7.2. 'Rxrt*c nnzpi~iblsrrr BPC~C~C'S - W ~ H I frog, ~ rcdhgirk ettXam~artknr CPlcflrcx?ori cir~r,rru.s), rtnd Auricxr~r,illl ~>A~---~ZC("*k~, arid ot tlcr sfebri~ (~ICXIWCZIC I$Xi%f. Ankzritarx toads ran i4i. fuuricf in R large varwty of habit~ts~ but r~r~uirc~ *h~lft,w W R ~ ET! P ~ which fa [lcty rgg* (flonwr-rt 19751 Wnod frogs (Fig. 7.1) br6~d in snlall prxds and sirallow surface water in wooded arta;rs durtng 'PL""~~ but HTe f'v from w'~' IFig. 7.1. "$v& eOg variety offomst types durlngthe mmriinder of tb@ year fMeaLwole 1961). (Rurria s3:l arrm), one sf the ithundarxt amphibxans breedir~g in red maple swrt~nps, Drnt~'z~1~ by -4. Romr
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9 and 10:
Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 11 and 12:
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
Page 13 and 14:
Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18:
Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22:
Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26:
Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28:
egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30:
y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32:
inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34:
Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36:
Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38:
The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40:
Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44:
.dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48:
Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50:
suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52:
Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54:
Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56:
Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105: kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135: e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137: and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139: y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141: M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143: Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145: Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147: Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149: Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151: Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153: Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155: Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157: Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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