Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers. Similarly, development of forested swamps from wet meadows is likely to be slow where the meadows have prolonged surface water hydroperiods or where surface microrelief is poorly developed. Retrogressive Changes The conversion of red maple swamp to nonforested wetland is generally precipitated either by a rise in the local water level or by the cutting of vegetation (Fig. 6.4). A permanent rise in the water level that inundates the root crowns of the trees kills virtually all plants in the swamp and converts the wetland to an open water body or deep marsh. Beaver ponds constructed in former red maple swamps typically contain aquatic beds dominated by plants such as white water lily (Nymphaea dmta) and bladdenvorta (Utricularia spp.) in the deepest areas; marsh plants such as bur-reeds (Sparganium spp.) where the average water depth is 0.5 m or less; and a variety of rushes (e.g., Juncus emus), sedges (e.g., Carex stricta), and grasses (e.g., Glycericl, spp.) in seasonally flooded areas along the margins of the pond (Fig. 6.5). Once a pond is abandoned and the dam breaks, the former flowage is usually first colonized by graminoids (Fig. 6.6)) then soon after by shrubs, such as alders and willows, and fmally by trees, such as red maple. When the increase in the swamp water level is gradual, or more limited in extent, trees may die over a period of years. If microrelief in the swamp is well developed, shrubs and herbs, which are more shallowly rooted than the trees, may survive and eventually dominate the site (Fig. 6.4). Such a retrogressive change has been observed where road culverts draining swamps have become clogged with sediment (Golet and Parkhurst 1981). If shallow surface water persists throughout the growing season, floating mats of Sphagnum moss may develop locally, providing a base for colonization of the site by bog plants such as leatherleaf (Chamaeduphne calyculata) and cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Clear-cutting of trees causes a red maple swamp to revert to shrub swamp or, less commonly, to emergent wetland (Fig. 6.4). Shallow marshes or wet meadows dominated by ferns and various graminoids are often produced when trees are removed from maple swamps that contain a poorly developed shrub layer or when all woody vegetation is removed. Due to a reduction in transpiration losses at the site after cutting, a local rise in the summer water table may occur. Such an increase in wetness is most likely to occur in I Red maple swamp I (Seasonally flooded or seasonally saturated) Water level rise I Shallow Semipermanent Trees and Trees cut; Trees cut; permanent shrubs shrubs shrubs flooding cut absent present Shrubs present Open water Deep marsh Fig. 6.4. Retrogressive changes in northeastern red maple swamps due to water level rise or cutting.
Fig. 6.6. Active beaver pond comtmcted in a former red maple swamp. The dominant plant is white wahr lily (Nympftnon odcrmta). Fig. 6.6. Recently abandoned beaver flowage dominated by grsminoids.
Page 2 and 3:
Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6:
Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8:
Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
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Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
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Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with unde
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Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
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Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20:
C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22:
Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24:
~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26:
Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
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egional groundwakr table by the roc
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y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
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inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
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Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
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Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38:
The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40:
Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44:
.dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
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Community S tructare Red maple swam
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suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52:
Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62: on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64: fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66: countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68: ~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70: and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72: was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74: kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78: difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80: in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82: Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84: Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86: taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88: dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92: - 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94: Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96: 1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98: Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99: Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103: since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 106 and 107: mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109: (Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111: EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113: census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115: elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119: Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121: ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125: of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135: e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137: and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139: y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141: M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143: Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145: Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147: Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149: Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151: Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153: Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
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Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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