Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in the Glaciated Northeast: A ...

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...................................... ....................................... ................................... ........................................ ................................... ............................ ........................... ................................... ................................... ...................... ................................ .................................... ......................................... WIf&ifenabitat 111 WoodProdueb 111 Smiwulturd Values. 112 fi(.lamanlmpacb 113 kbs of Wetland l~nss 115 Principal Causes of Wetland lloss 115 aher Forms of Wetland Alteration 118 Key E/Emagernent Issties 121 &undtuy l)elineation 122 Mitig~tion by kpiacement or Enhancement 122 Proktion of Buffer Zones 123 Exempted Wetlarlds 126 Acknowledgments 127 bferences ............................................. 127 ......... Apgxtldix A . Sourccs of Floristic Data for Northoast~rn Krci Maple Swarrlps 139 Appendix R . I'laxkts of Special Concern That Have fken Obscrved in Northeastern ...................................... fhd Maple Swarnps 141 Aplwndix C . Verf~br~fmi n~zit f lave hen Observed in Norttteastern Red Maple Swamps ............................................ 145 Apl~bndix D . Vertcbraks of S~x?ci~l Concc~~~ That lfnve hex1 Observed in NorCtlea~~lni ItrtI Mtiple Swltnlps .............................. 149 . ......... liir regiorls of the glaciated Nortllenst ................... 3 .................... . of rcatl rnuplt ................................. 8 Fig 1.1. l3ror*d-lerived dtbritluoua forest& wct land dorni11atn4 hy red maple 3 Fig . 1.2. I?lyrasogrr\l> Fig . 1.3. Majar forest rtgiorls of tllcx glacintcd Northr.asC 6 IJig . 1.4. 7litb rrsrlg< Fig . 2.1. IbI~tlvt' lillld~l'it~~' ~ O H I ~ ~ of O t ~ l S prillcip~l ~ ~ t.ypes of surficial geologic drp~it~ ............................................ 12 Fig . 2.2. Irllarld wr~tll-lrltl Fig . 2.3. Ibtf n l i ~ p l t b SWNII~) Fig . 2.4. h d maple sw8rrnp i r ~ tlycirologit clnsscs ........................... 15 ill thc &TOUII(ZW>~~P~ ctty)ression hydrologic class ......... 16 ............ the grr, uiidwaier slope izyclrologic class 17 Fig . 2.5. Inflow-outflow coriiporlcvits an(i watcr budget t?quation for 8% red maple svvftmp ............................................. 18 Fig . 2.6. SC~SC)I~IP~~~ fl(n)(itd red 11i>tplta swarllj) .......................... 20 Fig . 2.7. Water Ievc.ls 111 six XZI~C)~C IsXaxld r~x(j. rilaplc swznllp~s tltlrirlg a 7-year period .... 22 Fig . 2.8. Grountlwiltn*r lcvcls irk very poorly clri-tincd and poorly ctrairled soils in Rhode XsIand red muple swtrxnl>s during a 3-ycwr period ...................... 22 Fig . 2.9. Seasoxlnlly siiturwt~d red nlaplc swaxnp corltairli~lg poorly drained and very ~mrly drained soilR ...................................... 25 F L . 2.10. ~ Major areas of the glaciated Northcast with high soil base saturation ....... 27 Fig. 3.1. Common broad-leaved deciduotls trees of northeaskrn red maple swamps ..... 29 Fig . 3.2 . Gmrrnc31l needle-leaved trees of nomhcastsnl red ntaple swaps .......... 30 Fig. 3.3. Common si~mlbs of northeastern red maple swamps ................. 31 Fig . 3.4. Cormur~on fcnxs and .rx losses of northeastern red maple swamps ........... 32 Fig . 3.5. Gonwotl forb3 and granrinoids of lort the astern red maple swamps ......... 33 Fig . 3.6. S~ructurd p~ofiIe of a seasonally flooded red maple swamp ............. 34
Fig . 3.7. Red maple swap with understory dominated by great rhododendron ........ 36 Fig . 3.8. Young red maple forested wetland with a poorly developed shrub layer ....... 37 Fig . 3.9. Red maple swamp with an herb layer dominated by cinnamon fern ......... 39 Fig . 3.10. Zones depicting variation in floristic composition and relative abundance of red maple swamps in the glaciated Northeast ........................ 47 Fig 3.11. Red maple swamp along an upland drainageway in southern New England 49 . .... Fig . 3.12. Southern New England alluvial swamp in mid-April ................ 50 Pig . 4.1. Toposequences of plant communities on a till-covered gneiss hill in western Connecticut ........................................... 59 Fig . 4.2. Water level fluctuation in red maple swamps and other wetland communities of northwestern Connecticut ................................. 60 Fig . 4.3. Relative importance of plants from five wetland indicator categories along a soil moisture gradient in southern Rhode Island ...................... 63 Fig . 4.4. Red maple tree toppled by wind ............................. 68 Fig . 4.5. Mound-and-pool microrelief in a seasonally flooded red maple swamp ........ 69 Fig . 4.6. Influence of microrelief on plant distribution in a red maple swamp .....,... 70 Fig . 4.7. Frequency distributions of five plant species according to microsite and water regime in a central New York swamp ............................ 71 . ..... Fig 4.8. Red maple seedlings in sphagnum moss on the floor of a red maple swamp 72 Fig . 4.9. Ecological position of red maple swamps and other wetland types of northwestern Connecticut with respect to moisture regime and pH near the soil surface ............................................. 74 Fig . 5.1. Annual radial growth of red maple in six Rhode Island swamps ........... 77 Fig . 5.2. Relationship between annual radial growth of red maple and mean annual water level in six Rhode Island red maple swamps from 1976 through 1981 ....... 78 Fig . 5.3. Red maple leaf litter on the floor of a seasonally flooded alluvial swamp in earlyspring .......................................... 80 ...*. . ...................... Fig 5.4. Nutrient-cycling processes and pathways in a red maple forested wetland 82 Fig 5.5. Red maple swamp along a perennial stream 84 Fig . 6.1. Major changes in southern New England freshwater wetlands over a 20- to 33-year period ......................................... 88 Fig . 6.2. Former wet meadow invaded by red maple ....................... 90 Fig . 6.3. Stunted red maple saplings in a shrub swamp with continuously saturated soil ............................................... 90 Fig . 6.4. Retrogressive changes in northeastern red maple swamps due to water level rise or cutting ......................................... 91 Fig . 6.5. Active beaver pond constructed in a former red maple swamp ............ 92 Fig . 6.6. Recently abandoned beaver flowage dominated by graminoids ............ 92 Fig . 7.1. Wood frog ......................................... $33 Fig . 7.2. Northern waterthrush .................................* 99 Fig . 7.3. Canada warbler ..................................... 99 Fig . 7.4. Avian breeding species richness as a function of wetland size in nohheastem red maple swamps ...................................... 108 Fig . 7.5. Breeding bird richness and diversity in major NoAh American vegetation types .............................................. 101
Page 2 and 3: Technical IIbpg~rt Series U.S. Fish
Page 5 and 6: Preface In many areas of the glacia
Page 7 and 8: Acer rubrum (red maple) diagnostic
Page 9: Zone 111 . St . Lawrence Valley and
Page 13 and 14: Table 4.5. Flood tolerance of trees
Page 15 and 16: Chapter I. Introduction Wetland kbr
Page 17 and 18: Regional Setting throughout the gla
Page 19 and 20: C-J Spruce-Fa Beech-Birch-Maple Mit
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 1.4. The range of red maple (a
Page 23 and 24: ~ b 1.5, h fircort~ of Wet landc Ir
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 22. &~lrit~ve Irtndtici~pe yos
Page 27 and 28: egional groundwakr table by the roc
Page 29 and 30: y e~rr~mtrtm~~,irzst ion. Cat~t,inu
Page 31 and 32: inflow^ Outflows OF SWQ SWI Fig. 25
Page 33 and 34: Fig, 23.6,Soasonally flmded red map
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 27. Water levels in six mode I
Page 37 and 38: The duration of soil saturation has
Page 39 and 40: Organic soils are always very poorl
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3. The Plant Community The
Page 43 and 44: .dar02f 'B Xi? s%u?mma -?sway+xqq p
Page 47 and 48: Community S tructare Red maple swam
Page 49 and 50: suggesta a strong correlation betwe
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.2. Stmtuml chumcteristics o
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.3. Continued. "- -- - Speci
Page 55 and 56: Table __ 3.3. _ Continued ._.lll.__
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3. Continued. . * - __.. ^.
Page 59 and 60: Zone I II III TV C" Drppnmriad* sp.
Page 61 and 62:
on Long Island, pin oak, swamp whit
Page 63 and 64:
fern moea (?ki.c&inz &limfulum), an
Page 65 and 66:
countered (Table 3.3). The herb lay
Page 67 and 68:
~akareous Seepage Swamps England si
Page 69 and 70:
and globeflower are. listed in four
Page 71 and 72:
was the most likely reason for diff
Page 73 and 74:
kvei fluctuation during the gmwing
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. .Rektit.e ~bmchnce w Q)
Page 77 and 78:
difficuit to delineate in many inst
Page 79 and 80:
in the librature btlx>~ithe moi~ttl
Page 81 and 82:
Origin. an$ Relationship to Water R
Page 83 and 84:
Influence on Swamp Vegetation Flori
Page 85 and 86:
taka wpra-x li)wcir, t raac* df~rla
Page 87 and 88:
dwuL 4.3 6.3. C ~ ~ ~ strisk- P C I
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5. Ecosystem Processes Irr
Page 91 and 92:
- 0 2 E E 0l *" C 8 g 00 - c_ m 3 -
Page 93 and 94:
Ehnzdoltf (IWj wm mmht~nt, rru@w on
Page 95 and 96:
1976; I">irwia RE& vari iier Vdk 18
Page 97 and 98:
Xletritus Exprort and 'sod Chain Su
Page 99:
Chapter 6. Wetland Dynamics Most no
Page 102 and 103:
since forested wetland is the endpo
Page 104 and 105:
kettle bogs, lakes, or large rivers
Page 106 and 107:
mmdwakr depression wetlands. Becaus
Page 108 and 109:
(Mniotila varia), regularly breed i
Page 110 and 111:
EXusbtand arid Eddleman (1Y30) quan
Page 112 and 113:
census results. Twenty-five (40%) o
Page 114 and 115:
elated to avian richness and abunda
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 7.6. Wood duck (Aix sponsa). T
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7.5. Small-mammal communities
Page 120 and 121:
ing the latter years of flowage occ
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 8. Values, Impacts, and Man
Page 124 and 125:
of the bordering upland. Both studi
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 8.1. ST folia) in pel fer. .bu
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.1. Emrnpks ofgmss loss rate
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 8.3. Southern New England red
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.4. Electric utility lines pa
Page 134 and 135:
e expected to cause more drastic fl
Page 136 and 137:
and enhancement has been a highly c
Page 138 and 139:
y capturing sediment, reducing nutr
Page 140 and 141:
M.R.S.A., Sect. 480.A). Research by
Page 142 and 143:
Broadfoot, W. M., and H. L. Willist
Page 144 and 145:
Fefer, S. I. 1980. me palushe syste
Page 146 and 147:
Jordan, R J. 1978. Glacial geology
Page 148 and 149:
Xew Hampshire Xatural Areas Program
Page 150 and 151:
Ren MAPLE SWAMR 137 Smith, H. 1984.
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix A. Sources of Floristic Da
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix B. Plants of Special Conce
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix B. Continued Species d Car
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix C. Vertebrates That Have B
Page 160 and 161:
Mourning warbler ... Nashville warb
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix D. Vertebrates of Special
Page 164 and 165:
~tnte"and ronsewat ion stat ilu' d
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