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Through Americanized Japanese Women’s Eyes: Tsuda Umeko and the Women’s
Movement in Japan in the 1910s
Footnotes
ii Regarding Japanese names, throughout this paper I follow Japanese practice:
family name first and given name second. “Defends Japanese Sisters: Miss Tsuda Says
They Are Misrepresented—Here on a Visit,” The New York Times, July 7, 1913. Tsuda
Umeko was a one of the five Japanese girl students who was sent in American between
1871 and 1882 for study and educated as teachers. She became an English teacher to
Peeresses’ School (Kazoku Joshi Gakko) (1885-1900). She studied at Bryn Mawr
College between1889 and 1892. She established Joshi-Eigaku-Juku in 1900, the name of
which was changed to Tsuda-Eigo-Juku in 1933. As for a biographical story, see Barbara
Rose, Tsuda Umeko and Women’s Education in Japan (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1992)
iii In 1868, the government issued “Go Kajo no Go Seimon (Five Principles for the
new government)” included a clause “To seek knowledge in the world.”
http://www.jacar.go.jp/iwakura/sisetudan/main.html#d (Accessed January 10, 2010)
iv See “Kobunsho ni Miru Iwakura Shisetsudan (Archives of Iwakura Mission). In
1868, the government issued “Go Kajo no Go Seimon (Five Principles for the new
government)” included a clause “to seek knowledge in the world.”
http://www.jacar.go.jp/iwakura/sisetudan/main.html#d (Accessed January 10, 2010).
v A government leading officer and politician, Kuroda Kiyotaka traveled America
and Europe in 1871 and realized women’s education was crucial to remake Japan as a
civilized nation. He proposed to send girls to America to have them good education.
Kuroda Kiyotaka, “Kaitakushi Kengi Syo (Proposal by the Officer for Land
Development) See Historical Documents attached to the Papers of Tsuda Umeko, 81-83.
vi For further information on the same topic, see Sharon H. Nolte and Sally Ann
Hastings, “The Meiji State’s Policy Toward Women, 1890-1910,” in Gail Lee Bernstein
ed., Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945 (Berkley: University of California Press,
1991), 151-174; Vera Mackie, Feminism in Modern Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003), 15-36.
vii Ishimoto Shidzue, Facing Two Ways: the Story of My Life (New York: Farrar &
Rinehart, 1938), 56.
viii Tsuda Umeko, “The Education of Japanese Women,” the Papers of Tsuda Umeko, 22.
ix
As for Catt’s visit to Japan, see The Papers of Carrie Chapman Catt,
(Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress), Microfilms, 1978, reel 1.
x A socialist Nishikawa Fumiko organized the New True Women Association,
(Shin Shin Fujin Kai) in 1913. Its journal, New True Women (Shin Shin Fujin) subtitled
“SHIN SHIN FUJIN: The First Magazine of Woman’s Movement in Japan.” As this subtitle
shows the purpose of the New True Women Association was to promote women’s
rights movement in Japan. For further information about New True Women Association,
Nshikawas Fumiko, edited by Amano Shigeru, Heimin-sha no Onna (Tokyo, Aoyama
Kan, 1984).
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