Impact of the residue of Deltamethrin and Endosulfan pesticides on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male Albino mice
Evaluating the action of the residues of pesticides on non-target organisms has been of interest to many researchers. The present study aimed to evaluate the pesticides deltamethrin and endosulfan on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male albino mice. The results showed that the daily oral administration of deltamethrin and endosulfan caused a significant decrease in neurotransmitter contents (NE, DA and GABA) in most of the tested brain areas (cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem and hippocampus). On the other hand a gradual significant reduction, ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities, while the glucose level and acid phosphatase increase were observed in serum of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. Also, this study has a significant inhibition in the activities of enzymes in liver tissues of treated mice including glutathione reductase. Meanwhile, the activity of lipid peroxide, glycolytic (PK, PFK and GPI) and gluconeogenic enzyme activities (F-1, 6-D-Pase) were significantly increased in liver tissues of treated mice in response to treatment. Additionally, total protein and glycogen content showed a significant reduction in liver tissues of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. It was concluded that the pollution of the aquatic environment by deltamethrin and endosulfan pesticides, would adversely affect the metabolism of the mice.
Evaluating the action of the residues of pesticides on non-target organisms has been of interest to many researchers. The present study aimed to evaluate the pesticides deltamethrin and endosulfan on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male albino mice. The results showed that the daily oral administration of deltamethrin and endosulfan caused a significant decrease in neurotransmitter contents (NE, DA and GABA) in most of the tested brain areas (cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem and hippocampus). On the other hand a gradual significant reduction, ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities, while the glucose level and acid phosphatase increase were observed in serum of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. Also, this study has a significant inhibition in the activities of enzymes in liver tissues of treated mice including glutathione reductase. Meanwhile, the activity of lipid peroxide, glycolytic (PK, PFK and GPI) and gluconeogenic enzyme activities (F-1, 6-D-Pase) were significantly increased in liver tissues of treated mice in response to treatment. Additionally, total protein and glycogen content showed a significant reduction in liver tissues of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. It was concluded that the pollution of the aquatic environment by deltamethrin and endosulfan pesticides, would adversely affect the metabolism of the mice.
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Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology<br />
Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology<br />
An Internati<strong>on</strong>al Scientific Research Journal<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al Research<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>residue</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>biochemical</strong> <strong>toxicity</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>some</strong> <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>in</strong> <strong>different</strong> bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> Alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>mice</strong><br />
Authors:<br />
Somaya M. Ismail 1 ,<br />
Azza A. Said 2 ,<br />
Samira M. El-Sayad 2 .<br />
Instituti<strong>on</strong>:<br />
1. Zoology department,<br />
Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Science,<br />
Cairo university.<br />
2. Zoology department,<br />
Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Science,<br />
Fayoum university.<br />
ABSTRACT:<br />
Evaluat<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> acti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>residue</str<strong>on</strong>g>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> n<strong>on</strong>-target organisms<br />
has been <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>terest to many researchers. The present study aimed to evaluate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan <strong>on</strong> <strong>biochemical</strong> <strong>toxicity</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>some</strong><br />
<strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>in</strong> <strong>different</strong> bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>mice</strong>. The results<br />
showed that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> daily oral adm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan caused a<br />
significant decrease <strong>in</strong> <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents (NE, DA <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA) <strong>in</strong> most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
tested bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong> (cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, bra<strong>in</strong> stem<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> hippocampus). On <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r h<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> a gradual significant reducti<strong>on</strong>, ALT, AST <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ALP enzyme activities, while <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> glucose level <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> acid phosphatase <strong>in</strong>crease were<br />
observed <strong>in</strong> serum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan for two weeks.<br />
Also, this study has a significant <strong>in</strong>hibiti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> enzymes <strong>in</strong> liver tissues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
treated <strong>mice</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g glutathi<strong>on</strong>e reductase. Meanwhile, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> lipid<br />
peroxide, glycolytic (PK, PFK <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GPI) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> gluc<strong>on</strong>eogenic enzyme activities<br />
(F-1, 6-D-Pase) were significantly <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> liver tissues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated <strong>mice</strong> <strong>in</strong> resp<strong>on</strong>se<br />
to treatment. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, total prote<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> glycogen c<strong>on</strong>tent showed a significant<br />
reducti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> liver tissues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan for two<br />
weeks. It was c<strong>on</strong>cluded that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> polluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aquatic envir<strong>on</strong>ment by<br />
deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g>, would adversely affect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> metabolism <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<strong>mice</strong>.<br />
Corresp<strong>on</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g author:<br />
Somaya M. Ismail<br />
Keywords:<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> pesticide, Laboratory-bred stra<strong>in</strong> Swiss alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>male</strong><br />
<strong>mice</strong>, <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents (NE, DA <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA).<br />
Email:<br />
mragaa11@yahoo.com<br />
Tel:<br />
+201118244212<br />
Article Citati<strong>on</strong>:<br />
Somaya M. Ismail, Azza A. Said <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Samira M. El-Sayad.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>residue</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>biochemical</strong> <strong>toxicity</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>some</strong> <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>in</strong> <strong>different</strong> bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> Alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>mice</strong>.<br />
Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology (2013) 3(4): 954-966<br />
Dates:<br />
Received: 12 Jan 2013 Accepted: 22 Feb 2013 Published: 24 May 2013<br />
Web Address:<br />
http://jresearchbiology.com/<br />
documents/RA0324.pdf.<br />
This article is governed by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Creative Comm<strong>on</strong>s Attributi<strong>on</strong> License (http://creativecomm<strong>on</strong>s.org/<br />
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permissi<strong>on</strong> for unrestricted use, n<strong>on</strong>-commercial, distributi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
reproducti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> all medium, provided <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> orig<strong>in</strong>al work is properly cited.<br />
Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology<br />
An Internati<strong>on</strong>al Scientific<br />
Research Journal<br />
954-966 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 4<br />
www.jresearchbiology.com
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Us<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> is an important procedure for<br />
abundant <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> envir<strong>on</strong>ment <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> its use is <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(Pozo et al., 2006; Harner et al., 2006). It reaches aquatic<br />
enhanc<strong>in</strong>g agriculture yield. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> great systems through direct applicati<strong>on</strong>, as well as spray drift<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sciousness, brought back up<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir deleterious<br />
effects <strong>on</strong> human, animal <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> envir<strong>on</strong>mental health,<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> shortage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir use by impos<strong>in</strong>g various<br />
rules (Ahmsd et al., 2010; Botella et al., 2004).<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g>, which is a type<br />
II pyrethroids, has a wide acceptability, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> is used <strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> run<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f from agricultural <strong>areas</strong> (Broomhall, 2002;<br />
Jergentz et al., 2004 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> R<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> et al., 2010).<br />
It is known that exposure to <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
development may <strong>in</strong>terfere with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> normal development<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> systems <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> cause <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir direct<br />
damage (Richards<strong>on</strong> et al., 2006). The central nervous<br />
agriculture <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> forestry because <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its high system (CNS) dur<strong>in</strong>g development is particularly<br />
activity aga<strong>in</strong>st a broad spectrum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>sect pests<br />
(Villar<strong>in</strong>i et al., 1998). The oral route c<strong>on</strong>stitutes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ma<strong>in</strong> sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> general populati<strong>on</strong> exposure to this<br />
pesticide which is <strong>in</strong>gested with<strong>in</strong> food <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> water<br />
(Barlow et al., 2001).<br />
It has been reported that deltamethr<strong>in</strong> caused<br />
an oxidative damage <strong>in</strong> liver <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Carassius auratus gibelio expla<strong>in</strong>ed by an <strong>in</strong>crease <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
susceptible to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> toxic effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> xenobiotics (Tils<strong>on</strong>,<br />
2000). The mechanism by which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se effects occur is<br />
not known but currently it is assumed that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
m<strong>on</strong>oam<strong>in</strong>ergic <strong>neurotransmitter</strong>s play a role dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
development, def<strong>in</strong>ed as “morphogenetic” (Buznikov<br />
et al., 1996; Levitt et al., 1997; Nicotra <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Schatten,<br />
1990).<br />
Organophosphate pesticide represent <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
LPO level <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> an enhancement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> antioxidative defence world’s most comm<strong>on</strong>ly used agrochemical.<br />
parameters (D<strong>in</strong>u et al., 2010). Oral absorpti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
deltamethr<strong>in</strong> is rapid <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> is metabolized with microsomal<br />
enzyme system <strong>in</strong> liver <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> with tissue esterase present<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sequently, many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its <str<strong>on</strong>g>residue</str<strong>on</strong>g>s are frequently found<br />
<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> envir<strong>on</strong>ment. The aim <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study was to<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g>, deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al wall <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> liver <strong>in</strong> additi<strong>on</strong> to plasma endosulfan <strong>on</strong> <strong>biochemical</strong> <strong>toxicity</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>some</strong><br />
carboxylesterases (Usmani et al., 2006). Accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to Simsek et al., (2008), <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> applied at <strong>different</strong><br />
<strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>in</strong> <strong>different</strong> bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong><br />
alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>mice</strong>.<br />
c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
1600 mg /L, for 1,24, 48, 72 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 96 h <strong>in</strong>creased lipid<br />
peroxidati<strong>on</strong> which is accompanied by a decrease <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
reduced glutathi<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> catalase activity <strong>in</strong> digestive<br />
gl<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> gill <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fresh water mussel.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> (6, 7, 8, 9, 10-hexachloro -1,5,5a,6,<br />
9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano -2, 4, 3 benzodioxathiep<strong>in</strong>e-3<br />
-oxide) is a broad-spectrum organochlor<strong>in</strong>e pesticide<br />
(<strong>in</strong>secticide <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> acaricide) first registered for use <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
United States <strong>in</strong> 1954 to c<strong>on</strong>trol agricultural <strong>in</strong>sect <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
mite pests <strong>on</strong> a variety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fruits, vegetables, rice, gra<strong>in</strong>s,<br />
tea, c<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fee, cott<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> also <strong>in</strong> animal farm <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> houses<br />
(US EPA). Results from a global m<strong>on</strong>itor<strong>in</strong>g network for<br />
persistent organic pollutants revealed that endosulfan is<br />
MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />
Pesticides<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> is a syn<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>tic pyrethroid pesticide<br />
[(S)-acyan o-3-ph en oxyben zyl(1R,3R) -3-(2, 2-<br />
dibromov<strong>in</strong>yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate]<br />
with molecular formula (C 22 H 19 Br 2 NO 3 ). Solubility <strong>in</strong><br />
water is
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
[6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10-Hexachloro-1, 5,5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro<br />
-6, 9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiep<strong>in</strong>e-3-oxide]. With<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> molecular formula <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> (C 9 H 6 C l6 O 3 S). Solubility <strong>in</strong><br />
water is 0.33 mg/L. Relative molecular mass is found to<br />
be 406.93 g mol −1 ,<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> melt<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t is 70-100°C,<br />
343-373 K, 158-212 °F (Figure 1)<br />
Fig. 1. Chemical structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Fig. 2. Changes (%) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> activities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> glucose level (GL),<br />
<strong>some</strong> enzymes (alan<strong>in</strong>e am<strong>in</strong>otransferase (ALT),<br />
aspartate am<strong>in</strong>otransferase (AST), Alkal<strong>in</strong>e<br />
phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) <strong>in</strong> serum<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong>,. Lipid peroxide (LP) glutathi<strong>on</strong>e<br />
(GSH) , pyruvate k<strong>in</strong>ase (PK), phosph<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ructok<strong>in</strong>ase<br />
(PFK), glucose phosphate i<strong>some</strong>rase (GPI), Fructose -<br />
1, 6-diphosphatase (F-1, 6-ase) enzymes, Total prote<strong>in</strong><br />
(TP), glycogen c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>in</strong> tissues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong> liver<br />
exposed to LC25 <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> for 2 weeks.<br />
Animals<br />
Swiss alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 10 weeks old with an<br />
average weight <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 28.5±2.5 g obta<strong>in</strong>ed from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt were used. They were<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a well ventilated animal house. They were<br />
housed <strong>in</strong> large polypropylene cages with free access to<br />
food <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> water ad labium dur<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> course <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experiment. Animals were housed <strong>in</strong> groups<br />
(5 animals/ group) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed under st<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>ard<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temperature (23°C to 25°C), a relative<br />
humidity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 65% to 86% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong> a schedule <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 12 hours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
light <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 12 hours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dark.<br />
Animal treatment<br />
The animals were divided <strong>in</strong>to three groups (n=6)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> equal number, The c<strong>on</strong>trol group (1) was orally <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
daily adm<strong>in</strong>istered with equivalent amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> vehicle<br />
(distilled water) for two weeks, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>d group was<br />
given dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water with 1.28 mg/kg BW <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
deltamethr<strong>in</strong> (Yousef et al., 2006) dur<strong>in</strong>g two weeks <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
oral <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> daily adm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> third group was<br />
orally <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> daily adm<strong>in</strong>istered with endosulfan<br />
(1.5 mg /kg BW). At <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ends <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experimental period<br />
(2 weeks), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> were sacrificed under diethyl e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
anes<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sia at fast<strong>in</strong>g state.<br />
Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan (pesticide) <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>some</strong> <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents <strong>in</strong> <strong>different</strong> bra<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>areas</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>mice</strong><br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experiment six <strong>mice</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each group<br />
were decapitated each week till <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> end <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2-week<br />
durati<strong>on</strong> times. The <strong>mice</strong> were killed by sudden<br />
decapitati<strong>on</strong> at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designed times. The bra<strong>in</strong> was rapidly<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> carefully excised <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n dissected <strong>on</strong> dry ice glass<br />
plate accord<strong>in</strong>g to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Glow<strong>in</strong>ski <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lversen<br />
(1966) <strong>in</strong>to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> follow<strong>in</strong>g regi<strong>on</strong>s; cerebellum, striatum<br />
cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, bra<strong>in</strong> stem <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
hippocampus. Bra<strong>in</strong> tissues were wiped dry with filter<br />
paper, weighed, wrapped <strong>in</strong> plastic films <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <strong>in</strong><br />
alum<strong>in</strong>um foil <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> quickly frozen <strong>in</strong> dry ice. NE <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> DA<br />
were extracted <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> estimated <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bra<strong>in</strong> tissues<br />
Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology (2013) 3(4): 954-966 956
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chang (1964) modified by<br />
Ciarl<strong>on</strong>e (1978). GABA were extracted <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> estimated <strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bra<strong>in</strong> tissues accord<strong>in</strong>g to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sutt<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Simm<strong>on</strong>ds (1973). The fluorescence was measured <strong>in</strong><br />
Jenway 6200 fluorometer.<br />
Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan (pesticide) <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>biochemical</strong> <strong>toxicity</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> alb<strong>in</strong>o <strong>mice</strong><br />
Serum samples were obta<strong>in</strong>ed by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
centrifugati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> blood <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> six rats <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each group at<br />
4000 rpm for 15 m<strong>in</strong> at 4°C, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> were <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n divided <strong>in</strong> to<br />
Eppendorf tubes. Isolated sera from each group were<br />
stored at -20°C until <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were used for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> analyses. For<br />
preparati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tissue homogenates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mouse liver tissue<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> six <strong>mice</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each group, <strong>on</strong>e gram <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> liver tissues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
mouse from each group was homogenized <strong>in</strong> 5 ml<br />
distilled water at pH 7.5.A glass homogenizer was used<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> homogenate was centrifuged for 10 m<strong>in</strong>utes at<br />
3000 rpm, fresh supernatant was used.<br />
The levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> serum alan<strong>in</strong>e am<strong>in</strong>otransferase<br />
(ALT), aspartate am<strong>in</strong>otransferase (AST) were measured<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to Reitman <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Frankel (1957). Alkal<strong>in</strong>e<br />
phosphatase (ALP) was measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to Belfield<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Goldberg (1971) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> acid phosphatase (ACP) was<br />
measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to Wattiaux <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> De Duve (1956)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sera glucose c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s (GL) were determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> glucose oxides method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Tr<strong>in</strong>der<br />
(1969). Total prote<strong>in</strong> (TP) c<strong>on</strong>tent was determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to Bradford (1976) Determ<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tissues<br />
glycogen was evaluated accord<strong>in</strong>g to Nicholas et al.,<br />
(1956). Lipid peroxide ( LP) was measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Buege <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Aust (1978). Glutathi<strong>on</strong>e (GSH) was<br />
measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to Mor<strong>on</strong> et al., (1979) Pyruvate<br />
k<strong>in</strong>ase (PK) relative activity was measured<br />
spectrophometrically by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bucher <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
pfleiderer (1975). phosph<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ructok<strong>in</strong>ase (PFK) was<br />
measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to Zammit et al., (1978) Glucose<br />
phosphate i<strong>some</strong>rase (GPI) was measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g (1965). Fructose -1, 6-diphosphatase (F- 1, 6-ase)<br />
was measured accord<strong>in</strong>g to S<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> et al., (1980). All<br />
<strong>biochemical</strong> l parameters determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this study were<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed spectrophotometrically, us<strong>in</strong>g reagent kits<br />
purchased from BioMerieux Company, France. Kits<br />
purchased from BioMerieux Company, France.<br />
Statistical analysis<br />
The results obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present work are<br />
represented as means ± st<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>ard deviati<strong>on</strong> (SD), <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
were analyzed us<strong>in</strong>g analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> variance (ANOVA). The<br />
significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> difference between means were<br />
calculated us<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Duncan Multiple Range Test (Steel<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Torrie, 1980).<br />
RESULTS<br />
Results <strong>in</strong> Table 1 showed that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> daily oral<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan resulted <strong>in</strong><br />
Table (1): Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oral adm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> dopam<strong>in</strong>e (DA) c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<strong>different</strong> bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> alb<strong>in</strong>o rat.<br />
Pesticides<br />
Cerebellum<br />
mean ± S.E.<br />
Striatum<br />
mean ± S.E.<br />
Cerebral cortex<br />
mean ± S.E.<br />
Hypothalamus<br />
mean ± S.E.<br />
Bra<strong>in</strong> stem<br />
mean ± S.E.<br />
Hippocampus<br />
mean ± S.E.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
C 122.7± 0.72 280.5±0.64 52.3±0.084 433 ± 4.2 310.2±0.45 222.1±0.6<br />
T 82.3±1.2* 186.6±0.6* 36.5±0.21* 146.3±2.1** 254.5±1.4 160.2±0.62<br />
% 32.79% 33.69% 30.21% 66.21% 17.69% -27.87%<br />
C 122.7± 0.72 280.5±0.64 52.3±0.084 433±4.2 310.2±0.45 222.1±0.6<br />
T 48.2±2.42** 145.12±2.3** 21.4±0.73** 116.4±2.5*** 192.63± 1.5** 112.6±1.6**<br />
% 60.72% 48.26% 59.1% 73.12% 38.11% 49.30%<br />
- Statistical analyses were performed between c<strong>on</strong>trol (C=6) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated (T=6) animals by us<strong>in</strong>g paired t' test<br />
% : Percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> change from c<strong>on</strong>trol *p< 0.05,**p< 0.01 & ***p< 0.001<br />
957 Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology (2013) 3(4): 954-966
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
a significant decrease <strong>in</strong> DA c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>in</strong> all bra<strong>in</strong> area.<br />
The maximal decrease (p
C<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
22.4 ±1.5<br />
Table 4: Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> liver functi<strong>on</strong> enzymes <strong>in</strong> serum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong>.<br />
Glucose (GL)<br />
mg/g tissue<br />
Liver functi<strong>on</strong> enzymes<br />
(umole/mg prote<strong>in</strong>/m<strong>in</strong>.)<br />
AST ALT ALP<br />
Acid<br />
phosphatase (ACP)<br />
% Change % Change % Change % Change % Change<br />
18.21 ±0.432 8.36 ±0.338 3.61 ±0.03 6.44 ±0.23<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> 44.5 ±0.64 49.7% 14.21 ±0.316 44.87% 6.835 ±0.12 18.48% 2.85 ±0.05 11.8% 7.21 ±0.22 11.96%<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> 15.6 ±1.8 64.9% 10.04 ±0.311 44.8% 4.22 ±0.45 49.52% 1.94 ±0.01 46.26% 8.84 F±0.22 37.27%<br />
Data represent mean values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> five replicates. With<strong>in</strong> columns for dose, time <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (dose x time), mean values followed by <strong>different</strong> letters are statistically significantly<br />
<strong>different</strong> based <strong>on</strong> LSD at P = 0.05.<br />
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
The present result <strong>in</strong> Table 5 <strong>in</strong>dicated that a<br />
significant <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> lipid peroxide accompanied with a<br />
significant reducti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> glutathi<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> total prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
liver enzyme activities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan as compared to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>mice</strong>.<br />
The present results <strong>in</strong> tables (6, 7) dem<strong>on</strong>strate a<br />
significant elevated level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> glycolytic (PK, PFK <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
GPI) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> gluc<strong>on</strong>eogenic enzyme activities (F-1,6-D-<br />
Pase) <strong>in</strong> tissue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
endosulfan as compared to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>trol. The elevati<strong>on</strong><br />
rates <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> PK, PFK, GPI <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> F-1-6, D-Pase<br />
enzymes were 97.36%, 76.1%, 74.84% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 69.1%,<br />
respectively for <strong>mice</strong> treated with endosulfan.<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
Many m<strong>on</strong>oam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>neurotransmitter</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
DA , NE <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA are important <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
bra<strong>in</strong> development prior to assum<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir roles as<br />
transmitters <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mature bra<strong>in</strong> (Whitaker-Azmitia,<br />
1992; Di P<strong>in</strong>o, 2004; Ansorge, 2008), thus any<br />
circumstance that affects <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se <strong>neurotransmitter</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g bra<strong>in</strong> can alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> f<strong>in</strong>al structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bra<strong>in</strong>. Developmental neuro<strong>toxicity</strong> <strong>in</strong>volves<br />
alterati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>in</strong> behavior, neurophysiology.<br />
From <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present results, it is clear that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> daily<br />
oral adm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan<br />
caused reduc<strong>in</strong>g side effect <strong>in</strong> <strong>some</strong> <strong>neurotransmitter</strong><br />
tissue <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bra<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> a significant decrease <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>neurotransmitter</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tents (NE, DA <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA) <strong>in</strong> most<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> tested bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>areas</strong>. Cerebellum which is<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sible for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> voluntary movement; p<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
medulla obl<strong>on</strong>gata which is resp<strong>on</strong>sible <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential<br />
reflexive acts; striatum which is a bra<strong>in</strong> regi<strong>on</strong><br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sible for motor activity; cerebral cortex is<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sible for sensati<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g visual, auditory <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
olfactory as well as motor coord<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> associati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
also is resp<strong>on</strong>sible for higher mental functi<strong>on</strong> such as<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g, plann<strong>in</strong>g, reas<strong>on</strong><strong>in</strong>g, memory <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>sciousness <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> hippocampus, this is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> key area<br />
959 Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology (2013) 3(4): 954-966
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
Table 5: Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> lipid peroxide, glutathi<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> total prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong> liver.<br />
Lipid peroxide(LP)<br />
(ug/g tissue)<br />
Glutathi<strong>on</strong>e(GR)<br />
(ug/g tissue)<br />
Total prote<strong>in</strong>(TP)<br />
(mg/ml)<br />
% change % Change % change<br />
C<strong>on</strong>trol 0.65 ±0.01 30.22 ±1.22 52.44 ±2.11<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> 0.95 ±0.57 -46.15% 20.20 ±1.12 33.16% 41.11 ±1.15 21.61%<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1.22±0.06 -87.69% 15.16 ±0.85 49.83% 31.22 ±1.65 40.46%<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cerned with learn<strong>in</strong>g (Ansorge, 2008). Bra<strong>in</strong> stem is<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sible for <strong>in</strong>tegrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> coord<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential<br />
reflexive acts such as swallow<strong>in</strong>g, vomit<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
respirati<strong>on</strong> (Bloom, 1983).<br />
Our f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> idea that deltamethr<strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan is neurotoxic <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> develop<strong>in</strong>g bra<strong>in</strong>.<br />
The present result found that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>duced a<br />
decrease <strong>in</strong> DA levels <strong>in</strong> cerebellum, striatum, cerebral<br />
cortex, hypothalamus, bra<strong>in</strong> stem <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> hippocampus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
treated <strong>mice</strong>. The loss <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> hippocampus DA levels was<br />
higher <strong>in</strong> treated <strong>mice</strong>. DA is an important comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> neuroendocr<strong>in</strong>e mechanism that regulates <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
activati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>male</strong> sexual behavior <strong>in</strong> mammalian species<br />
(Castagna <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ball, 1997). Moreover, steroidogenesis <strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bra<strong>in</strong> may play a critical role <strong>in</strong> mammalian bra<strong>in</strong><br />
developmental <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both sexes (K<strong>on</strong>kle <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> McCarthy,<br />
2011). Steroids play a role <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
catecholam<strong>in</strong>es systems (Leret, 2009; Muneoka et al.,<br />
2010; Pappas et al., 2010).<br />
It is known that DA is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> major compound<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> motor system. Bernardi <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Palermo-Neto, (1983) showed that locomoti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
rear<strong>in</strong>g frequencies observed <strong>in</strong> an open field might be<br />
used to detect drug-<strong>in</strong>duced dopam<strong>in</strong>ergic <strong>in</strong>terference.<br />
Locomotors activity as measured <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> open field<br />
appears to be associated with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dopam<strong>in</strong>ergic system<br />
(Chiavegatto et al., 1998). Also, <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present study, we<br />
similarly found a loss <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> NE <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> gamma-butyric acid<br />
(GABA) c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cerebellum, striatum, cerebral<br />
cortex, hypothalamus, bra<strong>in</strong> stem <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> hippocampus. The<br />
loss <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> bra<strong>in</strong> stem DA levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> loss <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> hippocampus<br />
GABA levels were higher <strong>in</strong> treated <strong>mice</strong>.<br />
These effects may represent a large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
acti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> synaptic<br />
dysfuncti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se <strong>neurotransmitter</strong> systems that<br />
ultimately c<strong>on</strong>tribute to behavioral anomalies.<br />
Never<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r behavioral test<strong>in</strong>g is needed to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firm this suggesti<strong>on</strong>. Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
might <strong>in</strong>dicate that prenatal <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> postnatal exposure to<br />
pesticide altered <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> program for developmental <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> DA,<br />
NE, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA synaptic functi<strong>on</strong>s. Given that, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
dysfuncti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> serot<strong>on</strong><strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> dopam<strong>in</strong>e systems is<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved such as appetite, affective, locomoti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
learn<strong>in</strong>g, neurological <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> neuropsychiatric disorders<br />
(Insel et al., 1990; Kaye, 2008), fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r test<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this<br />
functi<strong>on</strong> is needed to c<strong>on</strong>firm that alterati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
<strong>neurotransmitter</strong> systems is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cause <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>some</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
dysfuncti<strong>on</strong>s. In general, our results support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Table 6: Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>some</strong> glycolytic enzymes <strong>in</strong> <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong> liver.<br />
Glycolytic enzmes (umole/mg prote<strong>in</strong>/m<strong>in</strong>.)<br />
PK PFK GPI<br />
% change % change % change<br />
C<strong>on</strong>trol 4.16 ±0.26 7.44 ±1.16 77.34 ±2.43<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> 7.18 ±1.44 -72.6% 10. 1 ±1.22 -35.75% 113.50 ±3.2 -46.81%<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> 8.23 ±1.64 -97.36% 13.1 ±1.23 -76.1% 135.22 ±6.4 -74.84%<br />
Data represent mean values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> five replicates. With<strong>in</strong> columns for dose, time <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (dose x time), mean values followed by<br />
<strong>different</strong> letters are statistically significantly <strong>different</strong> based <strong>on</strong> LSD at P = 0.05.<br />
Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology (2013) 3(4): 954-966 960
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
Table 7: Effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Glycogen <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>some</strong> Gluc<strong>on</strong>eogenic enzymes <strong>in</strong> <strong>male</strong> <strong>mice</strong> liver.<br />
Glycogen( mg/g tissue )<br />
Fructose-1,6-diphos-phatase<br />
(umole/mg prote<strong>in</strong>/m<strong>in</strong>.)<br />
% change % Change<br />
C<strong>on</strong>trol 6.8 ±0.64 12.6±1.22<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Deltamethr<strong>in</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> 4.33±0.64 36.32% 15.4 ±1.11 22.22%<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Endosulfan</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2.84±1.02 58.24% 21.3 ±1.43 69.1%<br />
suggesti<strong>on</strong> that at least <strong>some</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
disorders that are <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> humans can be caused by<br />
exposure to neurotox<strong>in</strong> envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>tam<strong>in</strong>ants<br />
(Slikker W <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Schwetz, 2003).<br />
In c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results observed <strong>in</strong> this study<br />
re<strong>in</strong>force <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> idea <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> neurochemical measures,<br />
such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> DA, NE <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA c<strong>on</strong>tent <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> its<br />
This was attributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> irritati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> liver cells by<br />
tox<strong>in</strong>s or due to <strong>in</strong>crease loss <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>tracellular enzyme by<br />
diffusi<strong>on</strong> through cell membrane. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present study,<br />
acid phosphatase show significant elevati<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> serum<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated <strong>mice</strong>. Higher levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> acid phosphatase <strong>in</strong><br />
tissue was observed by El-Aasar et al., (1989) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Abdel-Rahman et al., (1993), which was attributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
metabolites <strong>in</strong> bra<strong>in</strong> regi<strong>on</strong>s as <strong>in</strong>dicators <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irritati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> liver cells by tox<strong>in</strong>s or metabolic products <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
neuro<strong>toxicity</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g developmental neuro<strong>toxicity</strong>,<br />
<strong>in</strong>duced by chemical agents. Because <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> serot<strong>on</strong>ergic<br />
dysfuncti<strong>on</strong> is <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> appetite <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> affective<br />
disorders, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> catecholam<strong>in</strong>e DA <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> NE have been<br />
most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten l<strong>in</strong>ked to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behavioral pathology <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> neurological <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> psychiatric disorders, studies<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pesticide <strong>on</strong> DA, NE- <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GABA. Related behaviors<br />
<strong>in</strong> animal models will be needed to clarify <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>g-term alterati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>in</strong> noradrenergic, serot<strong>on</strong>ergic<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> dopam<strong>in</strong>ergic systems identified here.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>cern<strong>in</strong>g, ALT, AST <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> ALP enzyme<br />
activities, gradual significant reducti<strong>on</strong> was observed <strong>in</strong><br />
serum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan<br />
for two week. The reducti<strong>on</strong> observed <strong>in</strong> AST <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> ALT<br />
attributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hepatocellular damage result<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g schistosomula <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> adult worms <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> eggs or due<br />
to <strong>in</strong>crease loss <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>tracellular enzyme by diffusi<strong>on</strong><br />
through cell membrane which appear to act as a stimulus<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> syn<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> more enzyme.<br />
Regard<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> energy for <strong>mice</strong>,<br />
deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan significantly decreased <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
glycogen c<strong>on</strong>tent <strong>in</strong> liver tissues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated <strong>mice</strong>, while<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> glucose level <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> serum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated <strong>mice</strong>.<br />
This may be attributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
that impedes oxygen c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong>, thus <strong>in</strong>duc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
anaerobic respirati<strong>on</strong>. Under hypoxic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, animals<br />
derive <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir energy from anaerobic breakdown <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
glucose, which is available to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cells by <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
glycogenolysis (V<strong>in</strong>cent et al., 1995; Sambasiva, 1999).<br />
Nakano <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Toml<strong>in</strong>s<strong>on</strong> (1967) have suggested that<br />
chemical-<strong>toxicity</strong>, where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transam<strong>in</strong>ases levels catecholam<strong>in</strong>e levels rise under stressful envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
showed an <strong>in</strong>timate relati<strong>on</strong>ship to cell necrosis <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> /or c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, enabl<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>creased utilizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> glycogen<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased cell membrane permeability which led to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> for energy producti<strong>on</strong>. To restore its energy<br />
discharge <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> enzyme to blood stream. The decrease <strong>in</strong><br />
transam<strong>in</strong>ase levels provid<strong>in</strong>g additi<strong>on</strong>al support for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
side effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan <strong>on</strong><br />
requirements, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mouse has to <strong>in</strong>crease <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
glycolysis thus br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g about a reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
glycogen c<strong>on</strong>tent <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>crease glucose level <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> blood<br />
mitoch<strong>on</strong>dria <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hepatic cells as it is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> subcellular (Baskaran <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Palanichamy, 1990; Vasanthi <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
localizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> transam<strong>in</strong>ases (El –Shazly et al., 2001). Baskaran, 1990).<br />
961 Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Research <strong>in</strong> Biology (2013) 3(4): 954-966
Ismail et al., 2013<br />
The data obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present study showed<br />
that lipid peroxide was elevated <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> liver <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong><br />
treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan. Lipid<br />
peroxidati<strong>on</strong> is known to require <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> participati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
highly reactive oxygen <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r reactive metabolites <strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cha<strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>biochemical</strong> reacti<strong>on</strong> (Botros et al., 2007).<br />
At <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time, liver GSH was drastically depleted <strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> liver. Such depleti<strong>on</strong> is critical, as shown by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<strong>in</strong>creased cyto<strong>toxicity</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> H 2 O 2 <strong>in</strong> endo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>lial cells, as a<br />
result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>hibiti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> glutathi<strong>on</strong>e reductase, which keeps<br />
glutathi<strong>on</strong>e <strong>in</strong> its reduced state (El-Rigal et al., 2006).<br />
In a good agreement with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present results<br />
Mittelstaedt et al., (2004) suggested that nuclei <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
mitoch<strong>on</strong>dria act as major targets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> MG toxic acti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
probably by <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> generati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> free radicals,<br />
lipid peroxidati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> DNA adducts formati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Total prote<strong>in</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tent showed significant<br />
reducti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> liver tissue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> treated with deltamethr<strong>in</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> endosulfan for 2 weeks. This could be attributed to<br />
cellular damage caused by tox<strong>in</strong> (Parasad et al., 1991).<br />
The significant decrease <strong>in</strong> total prote<strong>in</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tent is ma<strong>in</strong>ly<br />
due to <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> messenger RNA degradati<strong>on</strong> which is<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> possible cause for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hypoalbum<strong>in</strong>emia (Metwally<br />
et al., 1990).The depleti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> prote<strong>in</strong> fracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
liver tissue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>mice</strong> <strong>in</strong> this experiment may have been<br />
due to <strong>in</strong>terference <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> active substance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong><br />
prote<strong>in</strong> metabolism by <strong>in</strong>hibit<strong>in</strong>g prote<strong>in</strong> syn<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis (Volpi<br />
et al., 1997).<br />
The current <strong>in</strong>vestigati<strong>on</strong> revealed significant<br />
enhancement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> PK, PFK <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> GPI <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rate limit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
glycolytic enzymes, <strong>in</strong> liver tissue <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated <strong>mice</strong><br />
with two <str<strong>on</strong>g>pesticides</str<strong>on</strong>g> compared to c<strong>on</strong>trol group<br />
accompanied by a marked <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
gluc<strong>on</strong>eogensis; F,1-6-diphosphtase. The <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong><br />
gluc<strong>on</strong>eogenic enzymes may be also resp<strong>on</strong>sible for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> glucose dur<strong>in</strong>g treatment (Klover <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Mo<strong>on</strong>ey, 2004). Stimulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> PK <strong>in</strong> pesticide <strong>toxicity</strong><br />
ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> enhancement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> glycolytic flux<br />
previously reported by Ahmed <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gad (1995).<br />
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