Rodel G. Maghirang - Sarawak Development Institute

Organic Vegetable 

Varietal Improvement 

System 

Organic Asia- The Way Forward 

Oct 28-31, 2008, Sarawak, Malaysia 

Rodel G. Maghirang 

GS Rodulfo and MLD Guevarra. 

University of the Philippines Los Baños 

rgmaghr@yahoo.com 

2008

“As crude a weapon as a cave man's 

club the chemical barrage has been 

hurled at the fabric of life." 

Rachel Carson 

"When we kill off the natural enemies 

of a pest, we inherit their work." 

Carl Huffaker 


Oct 28-31, 2008, Sarawak, Malaysia

Our food… 

Chemical 

contamination 

Genetic 

contamination 



Contents 

1. Conventional breeding method 

2. Results from conventional 

breeding 

3. Shift to unconventional method 

4. Results 

5. Other traits 

6. Application in breeding 

programs and extension 

7. Summary and Conclusion 



Use resistant and 

locally adapted 

varieties.... 



Conventional breeding 

Optimum fertilization 

Complete pest 

control/calendar spraying 

Regular irrigation (weekly) 

Zero weed policy 

Seeds stored in cold 

storage with strict MC, RH 

and Temp regimes 



Conventional breeding 

Screening for 

resistance is usually in 

controlled condition 

Greenhouse: controlled 

condition, defined and 

usually single strain of 

pathogen 



Results 

Usually weak root system… prone to drought 

and waterlogging 

Poor nutrient utilization ability 

Susceptible…. 

If resistant … based on major gene or 

vertical resistance which can easily be 

overcome by the pathogen 

Poisoned workers, technicians and breeders 



Shift to… 

Regulated weeds or systematic weed 

management 

Organic fertilizer but limited 

Limited watering 

No or limited pest management 

interventions aside from pest repellents 

and intercropping 

No crop rotation in instances where build 

up of soil borne diseases is needed 

Limited use of cold storage facilities 

for seeds 



Example of set up: yardlong bean 



Example of set up: Eggplant 



Organic Production Guidelines: RGM 2007

Objectives 

To select varieties vegetables for organic 

production : 

Solanaceous: eggplant, tomato, pepper, 

Legumes: pole sitao, bush sitao, cowpea, snap beans, 

Cucurbits: squash, watermelon, cucumber, patola, upo, 

Crucifers: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, lettuce, pechay 

and herbs 

To recommend specific varieties for commercial 

and organic home gardens for regular and offseason 

production. 



Evaluation procedure 

Entries- OPV, land races, germplasm 

collection and hybrids 

Evaluated initially in unreplicated trials then 

to replicated trials for the selected entries. 

Wet and dry season 

Extract seeds (with selfing) even from 

hybrids- bagging/caging in pepper and 

eggplant, blind selfing in cucurbits 



Bagging 

To prevent pollen 

contamination from 

unwanted plants 

Select plants 

Cap flowers to open the 

following day with 

aluminum foil 

Tag selfed fruits 

Remove OP fruits 



Caging in pepper 



Blind selfing 

Select male and female 

flowers that will open the 

next day 

Bag or clip to prevent pollen 

contamination from insect 

pollinators 

Pollinate the next day 



Cultural management 

Fully decomposed chicken manure was 

incorporated and the plots were covered 

with plastic mulch or rice straw 

Marigold, cosmos, basil and lemon grass 

planted around the area. 

Trellising as needed. 

Limited pest control 

Rating system for important pests and 

diseases 



Numerical Rating 

Rating for Cutworm larval 

feeding 

Description 


Description 




Description 

Leafminer larval feeding 


Description 

1 – Resistant (R) 0-10% of the above surface of the 

leaves of the plants with tunnels 

2 – Moderately 

11-25% of the above surface of the 

Resistant (MR) leaves of the plants with tunnels 

3 – Intermediate (I) 26-50% of the above surface of the 



Susceptible (MS) 

51-75% of the above surface of the 




5 – Susceptible (S) 76-100% of the leaves were dried due 

to tunneling


Description 

Squash beetle feeding 


Description 

1 – Resistant (R) 0-10% of the leaves and flowers of 

the plants with scrapes due to 

chewing of the insect 


11-25% of the leaves and flowers of 

Resistant (MR) the plants with scrapes due to 


3 – Intermediate (I) 26-50% of the leaves and flowers of 

the plants with scrapes due to 


4 – Moderately 51-75% of the leaves and flowers of 

Susceptible (MS) the plants with scrapes due to 


5 – Susceptible (S) 76-100% of the leaves were eaten 



Rating for melon aphid damage 


Description 

1 – Resistant (R ) 0-10% of the leaves, shoots, or flowers curled 

and yellow due to sucking of the aphids 

2 – Moderately Resistant 11-25% of the leaves, shoots, or flowers curled 

(MR) 

and yellow due to sucking of the aphids 

3 – Intermediate (I) 26-50% of the leaves, shoots, or flowers 

curled and yellow due to sucking of the aphids 

4 – Moderately 51-75% of the leaves, shoots, or flowers 

Susceptible (MS) curled, yellow, or dried due to sucking of the 

aphids 

5 – Susceptible (S) 76-100% of the leaves, shoots, or flowers 

dried due to sucking of the aphids, whole plant 



stunted


Description 

Rating for fusarium wilt 

Rating 

Resistant (R ) 

Moderately 

Resistant (MR) 

Moderately 

Susceptible (MS) 

Susceptible (S) 

Description 

0-29% of plants wilted 






Selection criteria: Solanaceous 

Eggplant- fruit characters, reaction to pests 

(ESFB) and diseases (BW, Phomopsis), shelf life 

and general acceptability 

Tomato- horticultural characteristics, yield and 

reaction to pests (leafminer, aphid) and 

diseases (BW, Viruses), shelf life and general 

acceptability 

Pepper- prolificacy, pungency and reaction to 

pests (leafminer) and diseases (BW, Viruses) 



Selection criteria: Legumes 

Cowpea and bush sitao- yield, reaction to pests 

(leafminer, aphids, beanfly, pod borer) and 

diseases (fusarium wilt) general acceptability 

Pole sitao- pod yield, reaction to pests 

(leafminer, aphids, beanfly, pod borer, 

bruchids) and diseases (fusarium wilt, rust) 

general acceptability 

Pole snap beans- heat tolerance, yield potential, 

reaction to pests (leafminer, beanfly, 

leafhopper, pod borer) and acceptability. 



Selection criteria: Cucurbits 



Squash- yielding ability, fruit external and 

internal characters, general acceptability, 

reaction to pests (squash beetle, leaf folder) 

and diseases ( ZYMV, SLCV) 

Cucumber- yield, fruit characters, reaction to 

pests (squash beetle, aphids) and general 

acceptability 

Bitter gourd- yield, fruit characters, reaction 

to pests (aphids) and diseases (downy mildew, 

namamarako) 

Sponge gourd- fruit characters, reaction to 

pests and diseases, picking period and general 

acceptability

Selection criteria: Crucifers 

Cabbage- head characteristics, yield and 

reaction to pests and diseases. 

Cauliflower- good curd characteristics, yield 

and reaction to pests and diseases. 

Radish- root size and shape, yield and reaction 

to pests and diseases 

Lettuce- earliness, taste, less tendency to bolt, 

yield and general acceptability 



Varietal Evaluation of Solanaceous 

Vegetables Under Organic Conditions. 

Eggplant 

98-452 

• Selections: 

98-452- dark purple, long 

98-455- purple, long, 

prolific 

98-456- purple, long 



98-455

Horticultural and fruit characteristics of 

eggplant evaluated under organic conditions. 

Entry 

Length 

(cm) 

Fruit Characteristics 

Diameter 

(cm) 

Weight 

(g) 

Yield 

T/ha 

Percent 

Infection 

(Phomop 

sis) 

Percent 

Insect 

Damage 

Breeding 

Value 

(Potential 

varieties) 

98-451 31.00 3.70 175.0 14.40 10.99 28.57 

98-452 23.80 3.74 136.0 24.62 13.82 22.76selected 

98-453 30.46 3.34 147.4 9.84 15.09 15.09 

98-454 26.19 3.50 148.6 15.86 18.28 22.58 

98-455 29.70 3.60 167.0 20.56 8.74 16.50selected 

98-456 26.00 3.14 117.8 7.08 14.00 20.00selected 

RIC-S1 

(check) 20.62 3.52 105.7 9.00 5.88 38.23 



Other eggplant selections 



00-182 – F1 hybrid, harvested at 65DAP, 110g/fruit, 

round, dull green with white stripes, firm flesh, good 

storage and shipping 

Arayat – Farmer’s variety, harvested at 58DAP, 

105g/fruit, round, dull green with prominent white 

stripe, very firm, very tasty, good storage and shipping 

Concepcion- light green, firm, short fruits 


shiny dark long purple with green calyx, firm flesh, very 

few seeds, good storage and shipping 


shiny long light green, firm flesh, very few seeds, good 

storage and shipping 

A 300- Land race, resistant to bacterial wilt and fruit 

borer.

00-373 

01-122 

122 

00-374 



Casino

Arayat 

Concepcion 





A 300 or Mistisa

Mistisa: released as a 

variety 

Tested under controlled and field 

conditions to be resistant (R) to 

bacterial wilt, moderately 

resistant (MR) to phomopsis, and R 

to both eggplant shoot and fruit 

borer (ESFB) (Leucinodes orbonalis 

Gueene) and leaf hopper (Amrasca 

biguttula Ishida). 

Long shelf-life of up to 7 days 

after harvesting under ambient 

conditions. 

Average marketable yield - 29.67 

tons per hectare (t/ha) 



Mara 

Mara’ is resistant to bacterial 

wilt and moderately resistant to 

green leafhoppers. 

It can be grown throughout the 

year and suitable for organic 

vegetable production 

Harvesting starts 52 days after 

transplanting and can last up to 

four months. 

Fruits are 15.91 cm long with a 

mean diameter of 3.03 cm, 

purple and shiny that gives the 

appearance of freshness. 



Tomato- table type 



Elma-2 – 

A selection from farmer’s 

field, harvested at 64DAP, 

53.4g/fruit, oblong with 

slightly pointed end, red orange 

when ripe, 

firm and thick juicy flesh, 

sweet taste, good storage and 

shipping 

tolerant to BW (LB strain), 

susceptible to TYLCV and 

fruitworm




Elma-3 – 

A selection from farmer’s 

field, harvested at 64DAP, 

72g/fruit, square round with 

pointed end, red orange when 

ripe, firm flesh, good taste, 

high yielder, good storage and 

shipping, 

tolerant to BW (LB strain), 

susceptible to TYLCV and 

TMV


00-280 – F1 hybrid, 

harvested at 64DAP, 

70.2g/fruit, square round, 

orange when ripe, firm, 

sweet taste, high yielder, 

good for processing, 

storage and shipping, 

moderately resistant to 

BW (LB strain), highly 

susceptible to viruses 



Cherry tomato 



Small Fry – F1 hybrid, harvested at 

63DAP, 17.2g/fruit, round, red 

orange with green shoulder, sweet 

and juicy, very prolific, 7-10 

fruits/bunch, tolerant to BW (LB 

strain), highly susceptible to TYLCV 

and TMV 

Super Suncherry – F1 hybrid, 

harvested at 63DAP, 10g/fruit, 

round, yellow orange when ripe, 

sweet and juicy, very prolific, 8-12 

fruits/bunch, tolerant to BW (LB 

strain), highly susceptible to TYLCV 

and TMV

Salad tomato 

Grandeur – 

F1 hybrid, harvested at 

64DAP, 137.8g/fruit, long 

flat round, red orange, thick 

and juicy, firm flesh, 

resistant to BW (LB strain) 



Pepper- dark green 

99-232-4 – A selection from previous 

trial, harvested at 43DAP, 11.75g/fruit, 

dark green, long, slender, thin flesh, very 

mild pungency, ideal for cooking 

99-232-5 – A selection from previous 

trial, harvested at 43DAP, 10g/fruit, 

dark green, slightly wrinkled, long, 

slender, thin flesh, very mild pungency, 

ideal for cooking 

00-396 – F1 hybrid, harvested at 49DAP, 

7.7g/fruit, dark green, shiny, smooth, 

long, slender, thick flesh, very pungent, 

good for processing 



Pepper- light green 

C-1550 

00-375 – F1 hybrid, harvested at 

49DAP, 9.5g/fruit, yellow green, 

slightly wrinkled, long, slender, thin 

flesh, sweet taste and smell, easily 

detached, very susceptible to fruit 

fly, very prolific, good for cooking 

00-377 – F1 hybrid, harvested at 

49DAP, 7.7g/fruit, dark green, shiny, 

smooth, long, slender, thick flesh, 

very pungent, good for processing 

C-1550- light green, prolific, robust 



Pepper Selections 

HP-21 

•HP-21- dark green, fine, non-pungent, 

robust, long harvest 

Inokra- light green, non-pungent, 

being used commercially by seed 

companies 

Inokra 



Horticultural characters, vigor rating, 

prolificacy and general acceptability of hot 

pepper under organic conditions. 

Fruit Characters 

Pungenc 

y 

5-pungent 

1-nonpungent 

Acceptability 

5-Highly 

acceptable 

1-not acceptable 

Days to 

Prolificacy 

Remarks 

First Weight Length Diameter 

Entry 1 

5-prolific: 1-not 

(Potential 

Harvest (g) (cm) (cm) 

prolific 

varieties) 

99-232 65 11.40 14.24 1.48 4.0 5.0 5.0 selected 

Cabiao LG 65 5.20 11.70 1.42 2.0 3.0 4.0 

C-1550 65 21.60 13.40 2.16 2.0 4.0 5.0 selected 

Inokra 65 10.20 12.60 1.90 1.0 5.0 5.0 selected 

Group Star 70 13.00 8.56 2.70 3.0 1.0 2.0 

HP-21 65 4.40 11.22 1.04 0 5.0 5.0 selected 

BSS-213 65 12.25 7.87 2.22 5.0 5.0 3.0 

Nonie DG 65 9.50 11.30 1.56 1.0 4.0 3.0 

99-099 70 12.00 8.00 2.40 2.0 3.0 3.0 

Xiangyan F2 75 11.00 9.75 2.50 5.0 1.0 1.0 

96-130 60 5.50 10.66 1.30 0 4.0 1.0cluster, 

99-131 60 1.00 6.05 1.00 0 3.0 1.0hot bell 

99-082 65 20.33 7.66 3.60 5.0 4.0 5.0 

99-079 65 16.00 8.00 2.70 2.0 3.0 3.0 



Los Baños 



Cucumber selections 



Stingray – Green with white stripe, juicy, 

13.72 cm long, 5.02 cm diameter, 215g per 

fruit 

White LS – Light green with white 

streak, very firm, thick skin, 18.15 cm 

long, 4.96 cm diameter, 282.3g per fruit 

(being used in techno demos, inbred line) 

98-288 – Dark green, shiny, smooth, firm, 

Japanese-type, 19.16 cm long, 4.25 cm 

diameter, 192g per fruit 

98-289 – Dark green, smooth, firm, 

Japanese-type, 20.85 cm long, 3.93 cm 

diameter, 184.8 g per fruit

Horticultural characteristics, vigor and yield 

of nine cucumber entries 

Entry 

Days to 

first 

harvest 



Days to 

last 

harvest 

No. of 

harvest 

s 

Vigor 

rating 

(45 

DAP) 

Vine 

length 

(m) 

Total 

no. 

YIELD 

Total 

weight 

(kg) 

Yield 

(t/ha) 

Stingray 53 75 7 4 2.5 85 12.27 24.54 

Poinsett 60 75 5 2 1 14 1.57 

(check) 

3.14 

White 60 88 11 5 3.5 68 15.49 

LS F2 

30.98 

Jaguar 64 75 6 4 2 23 3.22 6.44 

Ninja 67 81 4 4 2.2 10 2.49 

179 

4.98 

98-490 53 81 7 5 1.8 28 3.15 6.3 

98-289 60 88 12 5 2.5 74 12.25 24.5 

98-288 60 88 13 5 2.8 65 13.69 27.38 

98-492 60 88 10 5 2 43 7.45 14.9

Horticultural characteristics and yield of cucumber 

evaluated under organic conditions. 

Entry Plant Days 

Vigor 

to 1st 

Potential Insect Remarks 

Diamet 

er Length Weight Color Yield Damage 2 

Harvest (cm) (cm) (g) (T/Ha) (%) 

RS-6 5.0 41 4.98 31.80 400 G 75.56 10.18 Very prolific, selected 

Soft fruits, not 

VR-4 4.0 41 3.60 27.00 260 G 34.75 19.73 selected, bland taste 

Soft fruits, very 

VR-3 4.0 41 4.15 31.12 370 49.58 25.20 susceptible to insects 

White 

Sweet, crunchy, 

lowland 

selected fruit coated 

type 5.0 41 4.52 18.54 250 LG 41.14 21.19 with powder 

Big King 

(Cu 075) 5.0 41 6.33 25.70 550 DG 54.10 22.90 Slicing type, selected 



Other selections 

00-374 

00-380 



99-257 

01-007007

Squash 

Cucurbita moschata 

Duchesne ex Poir. 

OPV, Land races and F1’s 

Blind selfing 

Select based on external 

and internal traits 



Yield and insect damage rating of squash 


Entry 

Vigor 

Rating 

5-vigorous 

1-not 

vigorous 

Mean Damage 

Rating 2 

Squash 

Beetle 

Leaffolder 

Larvae 

Yield/plot 

(Kg) 

Average 

Fruit 

Weight 

(kg) 

Potential 

Yield 

(t/ha) 

Ultima 4 3 2 4.75 1.2 6.30 

Breeding 

Value 

Sorsogon 4 2 2 7.47 0.5 9.96 selected 

Rizalina 5 2 2 2.25 0.8 3.00 

Cabuyao 5 2 2 5.27 1.6 7.03 

Sampuso 5 2 2 3.77 1.0 5.03 

Pangasinan 4 2 2 3.00 0.7 4.00 

Squash AC 4 2 2 1.83 0.4 2.44 

Suprema 5 3 2 2.83 0.7 3.77 

1 Vigor Rating: 1-least vigorous; 5-most vigorous 

2 Damage rating: 1-Resistant; 2-Moderately resistant; 3-Intermediate; 4-Moderately susceptible; 5- 



Susceptible

Squash 

Sorsogon 



Sorsogon, a small fruited type 

was the earliest to harvest at 

only 75 days after planting 

(DAP). 

Rated moderately resistant to 

squash beetle and leaf curl, but 

moderately susceptible to 

mosaic. 

The fruit had an average weight 

of 0.5 kg., deeply ridged, very 

good flesh characteristics and 

acceptability. 

Potential yield is 9.96 t/ha. 

Due for release.

Selfing in 

Squash 



Sponge gourd 



98-481 – Dull green with bluish ribs, deep ridge, sweet, 

57.63cm long, 5.03cm diameter, 515.7g per fruit, 

tolerant to downy mildew and little leaf, very prolific and 

long picking period 

PN-063 – Green, shallow ridge, slightly sweet, 46.69cm 

long, 4.91cm diameter, 390.89g per fruit, tolerant to 

downy mildew and little leaf, prolific and long picking 

period 

99-090 – Dull green, deep ridge, sweet, 43.41cm long, 

5.29cm diameter, 407.98g per fruit, highly uniform 

fruits, susceptible to downy mildew and little leaf, 

prolific 

Green Lance – Light green, shallow ridge, slightly sweet, 

49.11cm long, 5.10cm diameter, 449.17g per fruit, highly 

uniform fruits, tolerant to little leaf and moderately 

tolerant to downy mildew, long picking period

Horticultural characteristics, yield and 

reaction to pest and disease of sponge gourd 

entries . 

Entries Days to 

first 

harvest 

Green 

Lance 

Days to 

last 

harvest 

No. of 

harvests 

FRUIT 

CHARACTERISTICS 

Mean 

Wt (g) 

Mean Lt 

(cm) 

Mean 

Dia. 

(cm) 

Total 

Yield 

t/ha 

Fruitfly 

Reaction To 

Little 

leaf 

Downy 

mildew 

Remarks 

44 105 10 449.17 49.11 5.1 28.1 2.86 1 3 Selected 

98-133 44 100 8 427.11 49.76 5.25 15.66 0 1 4 

98-481 44 88 10 515.68 57.63 5.03 31.14 6.89 1 2 Selected 

Prado 

Ace 

(check) 

44 95 8 388.4 44.13 4.76 16.84 0 1 3 

PN-063 44 100 12 390.89 46.69 4.91 20.04 23.33 1 2 

98-487 44 95 9 349.62 36.27 5.53 18.04 0 5 3 

98-411 44 100 9 306.23 43.73 4.61 21.28 27.58 1 3 

98-488 47 97 7 390 49.7 4.6 11.16 0 1 5 

99-089 47 92 7 440.48 40.26 5.71 17.18 0 5 5 



99-090 47 92 8 407.98 43.41 5.292 25.14 0 5 5 

selected 

selected



Green Lance 98-481

Yardlong beans 

•Selections: 

UPLPS1- green, long 

pods, moderately resistant 

to aphids. 16 t/ha 

UPLPS1 

CSL 19 

CSL 19 - light green, very 

prolific, resistant to aphids. 

16.5 t/ha 

228-1 - green, prolific, 

moderately resistant to 

aphids. 17 t/ha 

CSD 36 - dark green, 

prolific, moderately 

resistant to aphids 


Oct 28-31, 2008, Sarawak, Malaysia CSD 36 

228-1

Cowpea selections 

CCD 10-1 had a potential yield of 

17.68 t/ha 

CES 26-1 had a potential yield of 

11.56 t/ha. . 

These selections were resistant to 

aphids and moderately resistant to 

leafminer and cutworm damage. 



Yield and sensory evaluation of cowpea evaluated 

under organic conditions. 

Entry 

Yield/Plot (g) 

Marketa 

ble Total 

Potential Yield 

(t/ha.) Color 1 Taste 1 Fibrous- General Remarks 

Marketa 

ble Total ness 2 Acceptability 3 

CCD 10-8 919.0 1534.7 6.13 10.23 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.2 

CCD 8-2 1022.3 1887.3 6.82 12.58 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.4 

CCD 10-1 1673.3 2652.0 11.16 17.68 4.6 3.6 3.0 3.8 selected 

CCD 8 981.0 1900.3 6.54 12.67 3.4 2.6 4.6 2.2 

CCD 10-10 956.0 1845.3 6.37 12.30 2.4 2.6 3.1 2.4 

CCD 10-15 500.3 824.3 3.34 5.50 3.8 3.6 3.0 3.2 

CES 26-1 1125.3 1734.0 7.50 11.56 4.2 4.0 2.3 4.1 selected 

1 Color: 1-least preferred; 5-most preferred 

2 Fibrousnes: 1-least fibrous; 5-most fibrous 



3 Acceptability 1-not acceptable; 5-highly acceptable

Bush sitao selections 

UPLBS3 



UPLBS3 and CBD 53-2 were 

selected based on yield and 

general acceptability. 

UPLBS3 has a potential yield of 

9.82 t/ha while CBD 53-2 has a 

potential yield of 15.34 t/ha 

These selected entries were 

moderately resistant to leafminer 

damage and with moderate 

resistance to intermediate 

reaction respectively, to cutworm 

damage

Yield and sensory evaluation of bush sitao 


Entry 

Yield/Plot (g) 

Marketab 

le 

Total 

Potential Yield 

(t/ha.) Color 1 Taste 1 Fibrous- General Remarks 

Marketa 

ble Total ness 2 Acceptability 3 

UPLBS3 1016.3 1472.7 6.78 9.82 2.8 3.4 2.6 3.6 selected 

CBD 3 305.3 865.7 2.04 5.77 3.0 3 2.4 3.3 

CBD 53-2 1413.7 2301.3 9.42 15.34 4.6 3.6 3.2 3.5 selected 

CBD 28-2 503.0 1213.0 3.35 8.09 3.2 2.2 3.0 3.0 

CBD 8-2-2 348.0 608.0 2.32 4.05 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 

CBD 54-1 945.0 1180.3 6.30 7.87 2.2 2.4 3.2 2.4 

CBD 8-3-2 885.0 1560.3 5.90 10.40 4.8 3.6 2.6 3.4 

1 Color: 1-least preferred; 5-most preferred 

2 Fibrousness: 1-least fibrous; 5-most fibrous 

3 Acceptability: 1-not acceptable; 5-highly acceptable 



Pole snap beans 

B-21- with green pods was rated 

resistant to pod borer and 

intermediate both to leafminer 

and leafhopper. Potential yield 

of 18t/ha. Highly acceptable 

taste. Long seed storage life. 

Taichung#1 - had good pod 

quality, light green, smooth, 

slender, and small seeded. with 

potential yield of 10t/ha It was 

rated intermediate to all the 

three insect pests. 





Snap beans, Benguet

Cabbage selections 

Dry Season- 

Tropical King matured earlier at 56 days after 

transplanting (DAT) and can yield up to 48.60tons/ha. 

00-050 matured at 63 DAT and can yield up to 

40.8tons/ha. Both entries had green to dark green 

leaves, flat round and compact heads. 

Wet Season- 

Alex 067 and 98-245, were selected based on the ability 

to form marketable heads early despite high 

temperature and heavy rains during the growing period. 

Alex 067- 5.77t/ha, 23.41 t/ha (potential yield) 

98-245 -3.28 t/ha and a potential yield of 16.40 t/ha 

Organic PestMgt Asia- The Way Forward 


Cabbage selections 

Computed Yield 

(t/ha) 

Mean 

Entry 

Days to 

Maturity 

Head 

Weight 

(kg) 

Marketa 

ble 

Nonmarketable 

(insect 

damaged) 

Top Extra 56 0.458 27.50 9.60 

Tropical King 56 0.433 25.98 19.23 

Alex 067 55 0.416 24.99 15.33 

99-066 55 0.422 25.35 5.20 



Los Banos, wet season 

Tropical King 

PestMgt 



Alex 

Alex 



Los Baños 



Bush Sitao

Cauliflower selections 



Dry Season- The selections include TSX 97-501 

(15.6 t/ha), 98-469 (14.25 t/ha), 98-464 (8.73 

t/ha) , Silver Cup 40 (8.80 t/ha) had creamy 

white curds with a mean diameter of 12.05cm 

Wet Season - Among the curd-forming entries, 

99-208, SP 40 and 98-467 were selected based 

on curd size and quality. Mean curd weights 

were 95.75g, 150g and 330g, respectively. 

Actual yields were 6.38t/ha, 10.0t/ha and 

21.99t/ha, respectively. Silver moon 45, the 

check variety, had an actual yield of 0.567 t/ha 

and a potential yield of 5.67 t/ha.

Yield and yield parameters of cauliflower entries in 

a preliminary yield trial. 

Entry 

DTM 

Non- 

Flowering 

Plants at 

Termination 

Marketable 

Yield 

(%) 

Non-Marketable Yield 

(%) 

Small Insect 

Damaged 

Mean 

Curd 

Weight 

(kg) 

Potential 

Yield 

(t/ha) 

TSX 

97501** 56 12.5 50.00 50.00 0.00 0.260 15.60 

98-469* 56 8.0 57.14 42.86 0.00 0.232 14.25 

98-464 * 49 3.5 72.32 20.54 7.14 0.144 9.73 

99-197 * 49 6.5 48.22 48.21 3.57 0.186 11.19 

99-224 * 49 2.5 43.75 44.79 11.46 0.187 11.23 

99-199 49 15.0 84.62 11.54 3.84 0.134 8.06 

98-321* 56 13.5 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.310 18.60 

White 

Baron 56 12.5 66.67 33.33 0.00 0.115 6.90 

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Breeding 

Value 

selected 

(**) 

selected 

(*) 

selected 

(*) 

selected 

(*) 

selected 

(*) 

selected 

(*) 

selected 

(*)

Los Baños 

PestMgt 



PestMgt 





RGMaghirang 2003

PestMgt 



Radish 

Banahaw (36.68 t/ha) , 

TE 105 (28.11 t/ha), 

99-266 

Roman 040 (26.56 t/ha) 





Glorious

Yield and yield parameters of 15 radish entries in 

a preliminary yield trial. 

Entry Source Root Classification (%) Mkt. Yield (t/ha) 

Non- 

Plant 

A B C Mkt. DTM Plot Basis Basis 

Non-Mkt. 

Yield (t/ha) 

Breedi 

ng 

Value 

Banahaw Takii 31.04 34.52 34.43 45 5.67 36.78 2.34 * 

CHL 15.63 41.79 45 7.92 30.67 2.50 

Ra Takii Takii 2.20 13.34 12.22 72.22 42 12.33 32.89 2.25 

Everest Takii 4.54 19.70 13.64 74.24 45 13.00 34.67 2.58 

TE 105 Takii 12.50 17.24 24.93 45.34 42 7.62 28.11 2.42 * 

Valiant 6.67 18.73 46.34 28.26 40 19.85 35.00 3.08 ** 

Riviera 048 Chia Tai 9.62 18.70 26.82 44.82 45 9.46 41.89 3.08 

CAC 40 Chia Tai 7.38 21.91 34.05 36.67 42 7.33 37.78 1.98 

CRC 049 Chia Tai 18.90 22.09 27.61 31.40 38 8.28 31.06 1.59 * 

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Thep 

Watena 1.22 19.59 29.84 49.35 42 9.54 24.19 5.16 

Ra No. 99 

Ra LS Lion Seed 17.74 20.58 19.79 41.92 40 12.46 35.66 3.88 

Romon 040 Chia Tai 3.75 27.36 40.00 28.89 5 10.75 26.56 2.10 

Ra 60 days 

(LS) Lion Seed 9.75 25.75 24.75 39.75 42 13.58 35.78 3.38 

Ra 999 5.56 13.89 17.50 68.06 4.92 14.25 2.67 

Patriot 19.60 27.10 23.49 36.84 42 15.90 43.56 4.75 *** 

Glorious 4.74 44.46 37.91 19.36 42 16.96 32.44 2.00 *

Radish selections 

Entry 

Source 

Root Classification (%) Days 

to 

harve 

A B C st 

Mkt. 

Yield 

(t/ha) 

Non- 

Mkt. 

Yield 

(t/ha) 

Breeding 

Value 

Banahaw Takii 31.04 34.52 45 36.78 2.34 * 

TE 105 Takii 12.50 17.24 24.93 42 28.11 2.42 * 

Valiant 6.67 18.73 46.34 40 35.00 3.08 ** 

CRC 049 Chia Tai 18.90 22.09 27.61 38 31.06 1.59 * 

Patriot 19.60 27.10 23.49 42 43.56 4.75 *** 

Glorious 4.74 44.46 37.91 42 32.44 2.00 * 





Other selections

Carrot 

Kuroda and 00-319 had mean 

root weights of 0.164kg and 

0.152kg respectively. 

Highest actual yield of 

10.25t.ha was obtained from 

00-319 while the highest 

potential yield of 20.85t.ha 

was obtained from Kuroda. 



Crisphead lettuce 

Wet Season- President had an actual yield 

of 7.08 t/ha and a potential yield of 9.86 

t/ha 

Kaiser, the check variety, had an actual 

and potential yield of 6.80 t/ha and 9.28 

t/ha, respectively. 

Both entries were harvested 29 days 

after transplanting, had green leaves and 

sweet taste. 



Crisphead 

President - green, slightly loose head, very sweet 

Kaiser - green, loose heads, sweet, tendency to bolt 





Leaf type lettuce 

Selected entries include 00-089, Mighty Red 

Oak and Seven Wonders. 

The first two selections are smaller and 

weighed 45.21g and 33.64g, respectively, 

compared with Seven Wonders which was 

heavier at 62.22g/plant 

Potential yields were 6.03 t/ha, 4.48 t/ha and 

8.29 t/ha, respectively. 

Mighty Red Oak had a combination of 

green/red color with a bland taste 

00-089 and Seven Wonders had light green 

leaves with a sweet taste 

harvested at 25-26 days after transplanting





Leaf type lettuce

Lettuce performance 

Actual Yield Potential Yield (t/ha) 

Maturity Mean Plant Percent 

Non- 

Entry (days) Head Bolting Marketable Marketabl Marketable Non- 

Weight (g 

e 

Marketable 

00-033 20 55.50 33.81 4.05 2.45 7.40 6.73 

00-034 20 38.00 50.00 1.59 4.09 2.54 4.81 

00-089 26 45.21 30.37 4.05 2.45 6.03 4.29 

00-090 23 52.30 24.52 4.25 1.65 6.94 2.93 

Mighty 

Red Oak 25 33.64 47.62 1.23 1.10 4.48 4.40 

Seven 

Wonders 26 62.22 30.56 5.20 0.75 8.29 2.65 

Kaiser 29 69.54 0 6.80 0 9.28 0 

President 29 73.96 0 7.08 0 9.86 0 





Chinese cabbage

Pechay, Los Baños 





Selected pechay

From there… 



Continued varietal evaluation under organic 

conditions 

Developing varieties/active breeding for 

organics 

Producing seeds organically 

Applied the system in techno demos 

Applied the system in private seed companies 

National Organic Vegetable RDE Program with 

Varietal evaluation and Seed Production as a 

component 

Application to other crops (field legumes, 

pineapple, banana)

Tomato breeding 



Yardlong bean breeding 



Eggplant breeding 



Techno-demo- Cuke, Palawan… 




Techno-demo- Tomato, 




Palawan… 




Marigold borders…

Tomato

Summary 

Varieties for organic 

gardens selected or 

developed through suboptimum 

growing conditions 

Other pertinent traits such 

as seed longevity also 

selected. 

These varieties proved to be 

good performers in various 

growing conditions 

Intro Plan Seeds Fertilize Pest Rotate Repellents Sacrificial NE Physical Weeds Last D Harvest

Marami 

pong 

Salamat!!!

Rodel G. Maghirang - Sarawak Development Institute

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