corrosive species and scaling in wells at olkaria ... - Orkustofnun
corrosive species and scaling in wells at olkaria ... - Orkustofnun corrosive species and scaling in wells at olkaria ... - Orkustofnun
Mungania, J., 1992: Geology of the Olkaria geothermal complex. Kenya Power Company Ltd., internal report, 38 pp. Mwangi, M.N., 2005: Country update report for Kenya 2000-2005. Proc. of the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey. Naylor, W.I., 1972: Geology of Eburru and Olkaria prospects. U.N. Geothermal exploration project, report. Nouralie, J., 2000: Borehole geology and hydrothermal alteration of well NJ-20, Nesjavellir hightemperature area, SW-Iceland. Report 15 in: Geothermal training in Iceland 2000. UNU-GTP, Iceland, 303-330. Ogoso-Odongo, M.E., 1986: Geology of the Olkaria geothermal field. Geothermics, 15, 741-748. Omenda, P.A., 1998; The geology and structural controls of the Olkaria geothermal system, Kenya. Geothermics, 27, 55-74 Opondo, K.M., and Ofwona, C.O., 2003: Investigations of unusual scale deposition in Olkaria well OW-34. Kengen, Nairobi, unpublished internal report, 11 pp. Parlaktuna, M., and Okandan. E., 1989: The use of chemical inhibitors for prevention of calcium carbonate scaling. Geothermics, 18, 241-248 Pieri, S., Sabatelli, F., and Tarquin, 1989: Field testing results of downhole scale inhibitor injection. Geothermics, 18, 249-258. Plummer, L.N., and Busenburg, E., 1982: The solubilities of calcite, aragonite and vetrite in CO 2 -H 2 O solutions between 0 and 90˚ C, and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO 3 -CO 2 - H 2 O: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 1011-1042. Potter, R.W., and Brown, D.L., 1977: The volumetric properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions NaCl solutions from 0˚C at 500˚C up to 2000 bars based on a regression of available data in the literature. USGS Bulletin, 1421 C, 36 pp. Preuss, C., 2002: Mathematical modelling of fluid flow and heat transfer in geothermal systems. An introduction in five lectures. UNU-GTP, Iceland, report 3, 84 pp. Reshef, T., and Citrin, D., 2003; Review of Olkaria III geothermal project, history, present status and salient characteristics of Kenya’s pioneering private geothermal project. Proc. of 2 nd KenGen Geothermal Conference, Nairobi-Kenya. Rimstidt, J.D. and Barnes, H.L., 1980: The kinetics of silica reactions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 1683-1699. Rosell, J.B., and Ramos, S.G., 1998: Origin of acid fluids in the Cawayan sector Bacman Geothermal production field. Proc. of 23 rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Ca. Rothbaum, H.P., Anderton, B.H., Rhode, A.G., Slatter, A., 1979: Effect of silica polymerisation and pH on geothermal scaling. Geothermics, 8, 1-20. Ruaya, J,R., and Seward, T.M., 1987; The ion pair constant and other thermodynamic properties of HCl up to 350˚C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 121-130. 54
Saemundsson, K., and Fridleifsson, I.B., 1980: Application of geology in geothermal research in Iceland. J. Iceland Nat. Hist., 50, 157-188 (In Icelandic with English Summary). Siega, F.L., Herras, E.B., and Bunig, B.C., 2005: Calcite scale inhibition: The case of Mahanadong wells in Lyete geothermal production field, Philippines. Proc. of World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey Simmons, S.F., and Christenson, B.W., 1993: Towards a unified theory on calcite formation in boiling geothermal systems. Proc. of 15 th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, Auckland. 145-148 Simmons, S.F., and Chritenson, B.W., 1994: Origins of calcite in boiling geothermal systems. Am. J. of Sci. 294, 361-400. Simonson, J.M., and Palmer, D.A., 1993; Liquid-Vapour partitioning of HCl (aq) to 350 ˚C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 1-7. Solis, P.R., Bondc, E.L., Fragata, J.J., and See, F.S., 2000: Calcite deposition in two phase lines of Bacman Geothermal production field, Philippines. Proc. of World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu-Tohuku, Japan. Sugiaman, F., Sunio, E., Mollin, P. and Stimac, J., 2004: Geochemical response to production of the Tiwi geothermal field, Philippines, Geothermics, 33, 57-86. Thain, I.A., Stacey,R.E., Nicholson., 1981: Zero solids condensate corrosion in steam pipes at Wairakei. GRC, Transactions, 7, 71-73. Thórhallsson, S., 2005: Personal communication. Thórhallsson, S., Mattίasson, J., and Kristmannsdόttir, H., 1979: Inspection of the steam gathering systm and the turbine of the Krafla power station in June 1979 and comparison with the turbines of the Laxá and Svartsengi power plants. Orkustofnun, Reykjavík, report OS79041/JHD19, 100 pp. Thórhallsson, S., Ragnars, K., Arnórsson, S., and Kristmannsdóttir, H., 1975: Rapid scaling of silica in district heating systems. Proceedings of the 2 nd United Nations Symposium on the development and use of geothermal resources, San Francisco, 2, 1445-1449. Thórólfsson, G., 2005: Maintenance history of a geothermal plant: Svartsengi Iceland. Proc. of World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya,Turkey. Todaka, N., Kawano,Y., Ishii, H., Iwai, N., 1995: Prediction of calcite scaling at the Oguni geothermal field, Japan. Chemical modelling approach. Proc.of World Geothermal Congress,Florence, Italy, 2475 - 2480. Tomasson, J., 1971: Analysis of drill cuttings from Reykjanes. Orkustofnun, report, July 1971 (in Icelandic), 91 pp. Truesdell,A.H.,1991: Origin of acid fluids in geothermal reservoirs. GRC Transactions, 15, 289-296. Truesdell, A.H., and Haizlip, J.R., 1988: Hydrogen chloride in superheated steam and chloride in deep brine at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California. Proc. of 13 th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, Ca, 93-99. Truesdell, A.H., Haizlip, J.R., Ármannsson,H., and D’Amore, F., 1989: Origin and transport of chloride in superheated geothermal steam. Geothermics, 18, 295-304. 55
- Page 11 and 12: deposition does not occur at depth
- Page 13 and 14: The rate of sulphide precipitation
- Page 15 and 16: the Western Sectors. The Olkaria II
- Page 17 and 18: 46.4 MWe and 125 MWt. A shallow ste
- Page 19 and 20: 3. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Sample
- Page 21 and 22: 4. FLUID COMPOSITIONS The compositi
- Page 23 and 24: 5. CALCULATION OF AQUIFER FLUID COM
- Page 25 and 26: increases the difference in tNaK -
- Page 27 and 28: The procedure for calculating aquif
- Page 29 and 30: Concentrations of CO 2 at equilibri
- Page 31 and 32: High concentrations of HCl can be g
- Page 33 and 34: variation in chloride concentration
- Page 35 and 36: A 240°C a steam cap overlies the l
- Page 37 and 38: The solubility of CO 2 in water cha
- Page 39 and 40: where it passes through mist elimin
- Page 41 and 42: Coupon holder loosened the screws a
- Page 43 and 44: Coupon # 20 (Re-injection well): A
- Page 45 and 46: 1900 1800 C #10 Well NJ-14 1700 160
- Page 47 and 48: 0,3 13 Weeks (06-07-2005 to 14-10-2
- Page 49 and 50: 8. EVALUATION OF SCALES DEPOSITED A
- Page 51 and 52: atmospheric pressure. The results d
- Page 53 and 54: The IR spectra of scale samples #1
- Page 55 and 56: 9. CONCLUSIONS Olkaria well fluids
- Page 57 and 58: REFERENCES Allegrini, G., and Benve
- Page 59 and 60: D’Amore, F., Truesdell, A.H., and
- Page 61: Hurtado, R., Andritsos, N., Mouza,
- Page 65: APPENDIX A: Tables with analyses, c
- Page 74: APPENDIX C: Analyses of scales and
- Page 80 and 81: Spectra for scales from coupon # 16
- Page 82 and 83: Spectra for Olkaria OW-34 scale # 1
Mungania, J., 1992: Geology of the Olkaria geothermal complex. Kenya Power Company Ltd.,<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternal report, 38 pp.<br />
Mwangi, M.N., 2005: Country upd<strong>at</strong>e report for Kenya 2000-2005. Proc. of the World Geothermal<br />
Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey.<br />
Naylor, W.I., 1972: Geology of Eburru <strong>and</strong> Olkaria prospects. U.N. Geothermal explor<strong>at</strong>ion project,<br />
report.<br />
Nouralie, J., 2000: Borehole geology <strong>and</strong> hydrothermal alter<strong>at</strong>ion of well NJ-20, Nesjavellir hightemper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
area, SW-Icel<strong>and</strong>. Report 15 <strong>in</strong>: Geothermal tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Icel<strong>and</strong> 2000. UNU-GTP,<br />
Icel<strong>and</strong>, 303-330.<br />
Ogoso-Odongo, M.E., 1986: Geology of the Olkaria geothermal field. Geothermics, 15, 741-748.<br />
Omenda, P.A., 1998; The geology <strong>and</strong> structural controls of the Olkaria geothermal system, Kenya.<br />
Geothermics, 27, 55-74<br />
Opondo, K.M., <strong>and</strong> Ofwona, C.O., 2003: Investig<strong>at</strong>ions of unusual scale deposition <strong>in</strong> Olkaria well<br />
OW-34. Kengen, Nairobi, unpublished <strong>in</strong>ternal report, 11 pp.<br />
Parlaktuna, M., <strong>and</strong> Ok<strong>and</strong>an. E., 1989: The use of chemical <strong>in</strong>hibitors for prevention of calcium<br />
carbon<strong>at</strong>e <strong>scal<strong>in</strong>g</strong>. Geothermics, 18, 241-248<br />
Pieri, S., Sab<strong>at</strong>elli, F., <strong>and</strong> Tarqu<strong>in</strong>, 1989: Field test<strong>in</strong>g results of downhole scale <strong>in</strong>hibitor <strong>in</strong>jection.<br />
Geothermics, 18, 249-258.<br />
Plummer, L.N., <strong>and</strong> Busenburg, E., 1982: The solubilities of calcite, aragonite <strong>and</strong> vetrite <strong>in</strong> CO 2 -H 2 O<br />
solutions between 0 <strong>and</strong> 90˚ C, <strong>and</strong> an evalu<strong>at</strong>ion of the aqueous model for the system CaCO 3 -CO 2 -<br />
H 2 O: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 1011-1042.<br />
Potter, R.W., <strong>and</strong> Brown, D.L., 1977: The volumetric properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions<br />
NaCl solutions from 0˚C <strong>at</strong> 500˚C up to 2000 bars based on a regression of available d<strong>at</strong>a <strong>in</strong> the<br />
liter<strong>at</strong>ure. USGS Bullet<strong>in</strong>, 1421 C, 36 pp.<br />
Preuss, C., 2002: M<strong>at</strong>hem<strong>at</strong>ical modell<strong>in</strong>g of fluid flow <strong>and</strong> he<strong>at</strong> transfer <strong>in</strong> geothermal systems. An<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>in</strong> five lectures. UNU-GTP, Icel<strong>and</strong>, report 3, 84 pp.<br />
Reshef, T., <strong>and</strong> Citr<strong>in</strong>, D., 2003; Review of Olkaria III geothermal project, history, present st<strong>at</strong>us <strong>and</strong><br />
salient characteristics of Kenya’s pioneer<strong>in</strong>g priv<strong>at</strong>e geothermal project. Proc. of 2 nd KenGen<br />
Geothermal Conference, Nairobi-Kenya.<br />
Rimstidt, J.D. <strong>and</strong> Barnes, H.L., 1980: The k<strong>in</strong>etics of silica reactions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,<br />
44, 1683-1699.<br />
Rosell, J.B., <strong>and</strong> Ramos, S.G., 1998: Orig<strong>in</strong> of acid fluids <strong>in</strong> the Cawayan sector Bacman Geothermal<br />
production field. Proc. of 23 rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Stanford University,<br />
Stanford, Ca.<br />
Rothbaum, H.P., Anderton, B.H., Rhode, A.G., Sl<strong>at</strong>ter, A., 1979: Effect of silica polymeris<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>and</strong><br />
pH on geothermal <strong>scal<strong>in</strong>g</strong>. Geothermics, 8, 1-20.<br />
Ruaya, J,R., <strong>and</strong> Seward, T.M., 1987; The ion pair constant <strong>and</strong> other thermodynamic properties of<br />
HCl up to 350˚C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 121-130.<br />
54
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