corrosive species and scaling in wells at olkaria ... - Orkustofnun

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This MSc thesis has also been published in August 2006 by the Department of Geology and Geography, University of Iceland ii
INTRODUCTION The Geothermal Training Programme of the United Nations University (UNU) has operated in Iceland since 1979 with six month annual courses for professionals from developing countries. The aim is to assist developing countries with significant geothermal potential to build up groups of specialists that cover most aspects of geothermal exploration and development. During 1979-2006, 359 scientists and engineers from 40 countries have completed the six month courses. They have come from Asia (44%), Africa (26%), Central America (14%), and Central and Eastern Europe (16%). There is a steady flow of requests from all over the world for the six month training and we can only meet a portion of the requests. Most of the trainees are awarded UNU Fellowships financed by the UNU and the Government of Iceland. Candidates for the six month specialized training must have at least a BSc degree and a minimum of one year practical experience in geothermal work in their home countries prior to the training. Many of our trainees have already completed their MSc or PhD degrees when they come to Iceland, but several excellent students who have only BSc degrees have made requests to come again to Iceland for a higher academic degree. In 1999, it was decided to start admitting UNU Fellows to continue their studies and study for MSc degrees in geothermal science or engineering in co-operation with the University of Iceland. An agreement to this effect was signed with the University of Iceland. The six month studies at the UNU Geothermal Training Programme form a part of the graduate programme. It is a pleasure to introduce the ninth UNU Fellow to complete the MSc studies at the University of Iceland under the co-operation agreement. Mr. Kizito M. Opondo, BSc in Chemistry, of the Kenya Electricity Generating Co. Ltd KenGen, completed the six month specialized training at the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in October 2002. His research report was entitled “Corrosion tests in cooling circuit water at Olkaria I plant and scale predictions for Olkaria and Reykjanes fluids”. After two years of geothermal research work in Kenya, he came back to Iceland for MSc studies at the Faculty of Science of the University of Iceland in February 2005. In August 2006, he defended his MSc thesis presented here, entitled “Corrosive species and scaling in wells at Olkaria, Kenya, and Reykjanes, Svartsengi and Nesjavellir, Iceland”. His studies in Iceland were financed by a fellowship from the Government of Iceland through the UNU Geothermal Training Programme. We congratulate him on his achievements and wish him all the best for the future. We thank the Faculty of Science of the University of Iceland for the cooperation, and his supervisors for the dedication. Finally, I would like to mention that Kizito’s MSc thesis with the photos in colour is available for downloading on our website at page www.os.is/unugtp/yearbook/2006. With warmest wishes from Iceland, Ingvar B. Fridleifsson, director United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme iii
Page 1: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Repor
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT The Olkaria geothermal sys
Page 7 and 8: Page 9. CONCLUSIONS ...............
Page 9 and 10: 1. INTRODUCTION For many countries
Page 11 and 12: deposition does not occur at depth
Page 13 and 14: The rate of sulphide precipitation
Page 15 and 16: the Western Sectors. The Olkaria II
Page 17 and 18: 46.4 MWe and 125 MWt. A shallow ste
Page 19 and 20: 3. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Sample
Page 21 and 22: 4. FLUID COMPOSITIONS The compositi
Page 23 and 24: 5. CALCULATION OF AQUIFER FLUID COM
Page 25 and 26: increases the difference in tNaK -
Page 27 and 28: The procedure for calculating aquif
Page 29 and 30: Concentrations of CO 2 at equilibri
Page 31 and 32: High concentrations of HCl can be g
Page 33 and 34: variation in chloride concentration
Page 35 and 36: A 240°C a steam cap overlies the l
Page 37 and 38: The solubility of CO 2 in water cha
Page 39 and 40: where it passes through mist elimin
Page 41 and 42: Coupon holder loosened the screws a
Page 43 and 44: Coupon # 20 (Re-injection well): A
Page 45 and 46: 1900 1800 C #10 Well NJ-14 1700 160
Page 47 and 48: 0,3 13 Weeks (06-07-2005 to 14-10-2
Page 49 and 50: 8. EVALUATION OF SCALES DEPOSITED A
Page 51 and 52: atmospheric pressure. The results d
Page 53 and 54:
The IR spectra of scale samples #1
Page 55 and 56:
9. CONCLUSIONS Olkaria well fluids
Page 57 and 58:
REFERENCES Allegrini, G., and Benve
Page 59 and 60:
D’Amore, F., Truesdell, A.H., and
Page 61 and 62:
Hurtado, R., Andritsos, N., Mouza,
Page 63 and 64:
Saemundsson, K., and Fridleifsson,
Page 65:
APPENDIX A: Tables with analyses, c
Page 74:
APPENDIX C: Analyses of scales and
Page 80 and 81:
Spectra for scales from coupon # 16
Page 82 and 83:
Spectra for Olkaria OW-34 scale # 1
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corrosive species and scaling in wells at olkaria ... - Orkustofnun

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