Appendix C - Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment - Peabody Energy

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Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment North Wambo Underground Mine Modification the resultant floodplain occurring from the meeting of these two creeks, is the dominant landform in the eastern part of the project area. The project area was divided into four distinct landform areas: Stony Creek and its associated floodplain, creek banks, gently sloping toe slopes and moderately sloping foot slopes with a low lying hilly area in the west, and lower and mid slopes of a small ridgeline; South Wambo Creek and associated creek banks and floodplain; rolling hills to the north east of the creek lines in the central part of the project area; an extensive tract of flat lying floodplain associated with the confluence of South Wambo Creek and Wollombi Brook; and the lower slopes, floodplain and south bank of North Wambo Creek. Stony Creek, a major tributary of South Wambo Creek, was located in the western part of the project area and would have provided permanent water. A flood plain extended from the western side of the creek to some low lying foothills to the immediate west of the project area. Incised river terraces occurred along the eastern bank of the creek. These west facing slopes were fairly steep and severely affected by extensive sheet wash erosion. They formed the toe and foot slopes of a major ridge line and spur which leads down from the Wollemi escarpment in the north west. The creek line, terraces and floodplain all showed evidence of repeated inundation events. The confluence of Stony Creek and South Wambo Creek was in a low lying marshy area. The small rolling hills to the north of these two creeks would likely have provided excellent resources for the procurement of food and raw materials for the manufacture of stone tools. With the exception of one isolated find in the flood plain area close to the northern bank of Stony Creek close to the confluence with South Wambo Creek, identified sites were located above the floodplain in the toe and foot slope areas or on the easily accessible slopes of the hills. One isolated find was situated on the surface of the west facing terrace area and two isolated finds were on the east facing toe slope on the opposite side of the creek above the flood line in the western part of the project area. Several isolated finds and small artefact scatters were on the lower south east facing slope areas close to the flood plain. The larger artefact scatters were on the lower south and south east facing slopes of a large spur which formed part of a ridgeline that extended from Wollemi escarpment and on gentle sloped areas and the crest of the hills in the northern part of the project area. The project area was highly disturbed through previous farming practices, vehicle access and livestock grazing. In general, ground surface visibility ranged between 50 and 70%, with moderate to low levels of vegetation coverage and a high incidence of ground surface exposure due to disturbances. Artefact sites were generally located on the slopes and crests. Site patterning in this part of the Stony Creek catchment was restricted to the foot slopes to the west of the flood plain and the toe of spur that formed part of the Wollemi ridgeline in the west. Artefact sites were concentrated on the elevated banks of the spur on the north eastern side of Stony Creek, and in the gently rolling foothills to the east. 108453-2; October 2012 Page 39
Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment North Wambo Underground Mine Modification 6.3 Survey Results 6.3.1 Aboriginal Sites and Archaeological Sensitivity During the course of the May 2011, July/August 2011 and April 2012 field surveys the previously identified sites were ground truthed and new sites were identified. While there were some sites which could not be reidentified, most were relocated and found to be more extensive than previously recorded. This would likely be due to the effects of erosion processes. A number of sites were located on, or very close to, the vehicle access ways. The majority of the artefact sites in the area were on the surface of the exposed B horizon and had been affected by sheet wash erosion, trampling by cattle and disturbed by the passage of vehicles. The area had also been heavily disturbed by previous farming practices. On the basis of the extent of erosion and disturbances, no areas of archaeological sensitivity were identified. 6.3.2 Wambo Site 45 (AHIMS #37-5-0293) This isolated find site was originally located on a broad gentle slope about 100 m to the north of Stony Creek (Plate 1). The artefact was identified as an indurated mudstone flake piece, with a red cortex and yellow body measuring 2cm x 1.5cm. The ground truth survey conducted in August 2011 was unable to locate this artefact. 6.3.3 Wambo Site 46 (AHIMS #37-5-0294) This artefact scatter was originally located on a broad very gentle slope about 300 metres from the northern bank of Stony Creek (Plate 2). One tuff flake measuring approximately 4.5cm, plain platform and with 20% cortex and one silcrete flake approximately 3.5cm, no cortex and with a focal platform were identified. This site was re-located during the cultural heritage survey and was found to extend to and around the small dam. 6.3.4 Wambo Site 47 (AHIMS #37-5-0192); Wambo Site 48 (AHIMS #37-5-0192); Wambo Site 49 (AHIMS #37-5-0192); Wambo Site 50 (AHIMS #37-5-0192); Wambo Sites 47 (SC4/4); 48 (SC4/3); 49 (SC4/1); 50 (SC4/2); 51 (SC4/5) were all listed on the same site card AHIMS #37-5-0192. There were five separate locations recorded under this site card. The various sites were located on the east side of Stony Creek about 1.3km up from the confluence of Stony and South Wambo Creeks on and around a gently sloping south east facing spur. Location 1 consisted of 72 artefacts along a track over a distance of about 150m. Five artefacts were identified at location 2 on eroded stock tracks. A single artefact was identified at location 3 near a small dam and stock track and location 4 close to a gate and track. At location 5, three artefacts were identified on a farm track on the toe of the western part of the spur. Wambo Site 47 (close to a small dam and stock track – location 4) and Wambo Site 48 (at a gateway close to two large trees – location 3) were originally identified as isolated finds. The survey identified a red mudstone flake at Wambo Site 47 (Plate 3) and several mudstone and silcrete artefacts at Wambo Site 48 (Plate 4) on the surface of the soil close to the two large trees. Wambo Site 49 was identified as an artefact scatter on a stock track and at an ants’ nest and Wambo Site 50 on a second stock track (location 2). The survey identified a basalt flake on the surface of a gentle slope on the eastern side of a cattle track leading to a small dam as Wambo Site 49, but Wambo Site 50 was not located. These two sites were within the project area but outside of the MA. 108453-2; October 2012 Page 40
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These sites can potentially be affe
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Appendix C - Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment - Peabody Energy

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