the moral reasoning of student athletes and athletic training students
the moral reasoning of student athletes and athletic training students the moral reasoning of student athletes and athletic training students
Discriminant validity the degree to which the what we are measuring is diverges from what we think it should be theoretically similar to. This is typically measured with a correlation. A low correlation may mean the Decision is a discriminant to the other questions. Table 1. Correlations for respondents’ decision choices on EAMCI Decision 1 Decision 2 Decision 3 Decision 4a Decision 5 Decision 1 Decision 2 Decision 3 Decision 4a Decision 5 Pearson Correlation 1 .230(**) .166(*) .229(**) .289(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .028 .002 .000 N 174 174 174 174 174 Pearson Correlation .230(**) 1 .255(**) .142 .310(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .001 .062 .000 N 174 174 174 174 174 Pearson Correlation .166(*) .255(**) 1 .116 .292(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .028 .001 .127 .000 N 174 174 174 174 174 Pearson Correlation .229(**) .142 .116 1 .231(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .062 .127 .002 N 174 174 174 174 174 Pearson Correlation .289(**) .310(**) .292(**) .231(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .002 N 174 174 174 174 174 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of scores. We would expect a respondent to attain the same score regardless of where the respondent completed the EAMCI, when it was scored, and who scored the response. For this instrument internal consistency was measured using Cronbach alpha. For this pilot study a Cronbach alpha of .60 was found. 52
Procedures Arrangements were made with help from the coaches of the participants involved to allow participants to complete each of the two instruments at a convenient time. Some teams had weekly meetings where the surveys were passed out, explained and completed. One team arranged to take the surveys before boarding the bus for an away competition. Many athletes completed the surveys while treating in the athletic training facilities before practice, and some coaches preferred to hand out and collect the surveys themselves. Student athletic trainers were asked to complete the instruments during one of the courses required for athletic training. All participants were given a brief introduction to the study. Each participant was then given the Hahm-Beller Values Choice Inventory and the Ergogenic Aids and Moral Competency Inventory, detailed instructions, an opportunity to ask questions and then asked to sign an informed consent. Participants were asked to complete both inventories without discussion. Data Analysis The independent variables in this study include gender and status. Status is defined by the role of the student as a Division I athlete or athletic training student. The dependent variables include levels of moral reasoning as determined by scores on the Hahm-Beller Values Choice Inventory and Ergogenic Aids and Moral Competency Inventory. Internal consistency will be examined using Cronbach Alpha procedures. To help determine construct validity, correlations will be run between scores on the HBVCI and the EAMCI. 53
- Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER ONE Introduction What is it
- Page 11 and 12: college edifice, their paternalisti
- Page 13 and 14: are stronger adults because of the
- Page 15 and 16: purpose of higher education, which
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- Page 23 and 24: 5. What are the differences between
- Page 25 and 26: 4. Designer Drugs - A drug produced
- Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Literature Review The p
- Page 29 and 30: more of a look like German institut
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- Page 33 and 34: the cultural norms as a measure of
- Page 35 and 36: “Moral reasoning, a systematic, l
- Page 37 and 38: describe the reasons for particular
- Page 39 and 40: it must be noted that only a low po
- Page 41 and 42: Taylor-Hanson, in review). However,
- Page 43 and 44: issues in sport or specific issues
- Page 45 and 46: naturally occurring male sex hormon
- Page 47 and 48: stored. After a few weeks, normal l
- Page 49 and 50: of what the supplement actually con
- Page 51 and 52: Despite the research and the warnin
- Page 53 and 54: use their judgment in discriminatin
- Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER THREE Methodology Research
- Page 57 and 58: Ergogenic Aids and Moral Competence
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- Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER FOUR Results The purpose of
- Page 65 and 66: Table 2. Means and standard deviati
- Page 67 and 68: I do not care whether Arnold choose
- Page 69 and 70: Danny should do whatever will make
- Page 71 and 72: Team Indiv. ATS F % F % F % Most co
- Page 73 and 74: Most common reason not to take the
- Page 75 and 76: Hypothesis Six No difference exists
- Page 77 and 78: and find that low levels of moral r
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- Page 81 and 82: another paper, the notions of care-
- Page 83 and 84: esearch scored relatively low when
- Page 85 and 86: Scenario five presented a similar s
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- Page 89 and 90: consistent set of moral principles,
- Page 91 and 92: REFERENCES Alder, P., & Alder, P.A.
- Page 93 and 94: Beller, J.M., Stoll, S.K., Williams
- Page 95 and 96: Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J.,
- Page 97 and 98: Honour, J.W. (2004). The fight for
- Page 99 and 100: Perry, P.J., Lund, B.C., Deninger,
- Page 101 and 102: Smith, R.A. (1988). Sports and Free
- Page 103 and 104: APPENDIX A HAHM - BELLER VALUES CHO
- Page 105 and 106: APPENDIX B EAMCI Instrument Please
- Page 107 and 108: 2. George, while hanging out at the
- Page 109 and 110: 4. Tony is the kind of athletic tra
Procedures<br />
Arrangements were made with help from <strong>the</strong> coaches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> participants involved to<br />
allow participants to complete each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two instruments at a convenient time. Some teams had<br />
weekly meetings where <strong>the</strong> surveys were passed out, explained <strong>and</strong> completed. One team<br />
arranged to take <strong>the</strong> surveys before boarding <strong>the</strong> bus for an away competition. Many <strong>athletes</strong><br />
completed <strong>the</strong> surveys while treating in <strong>the</strong> <strong>athletic</strong> <strong>training</strong> facilities before practice, <strong>and</strong> some<br />
coaches preferred to h<strong>and</strong> out <strong>and</strong> collect <strong>the</strong> surveys <strong>the</strong>mselves.<br />
Student <strong>athletic</strong> trainers were asked to complete <strong>the</strong> instruments during one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> courses<br />
required for <strong>athletic</strong> <strong>training</strong>. All participants were given a brief introduction to <strong>the</strong> study. Each<br />
participant was <strong>the</strong>n given <strong>the</strong> Hahm-Beller Values Choice Inventory <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ergogenic Aids<br />
<strong>and</strong> Moral Competency Inventory, detailed instructions, an opportunity to ask questions <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
asked to sign an informed consent. Participants were asked to complete both inventories without<br />
discussion.<br />
Data Analysis<br />
The independent variables in this study include gender <strong>and</strong> status. Status is defined by <strong>the</strong><br />
role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>student</strong> as a Division I athlete or <strong>athletic</strong> <strong>training</strong> <strong>student</strong>. The dependent variables<br />
include levels <strong>of</strong> <strong>moral</strong> <strong>reasoning</strong> as determined by scores on <strong>the</strong> Hahm-Beller Values Choice<br />
Inventory <strong>and</strong> Ergogenic Aids <strong>and</strong> Moral Competency Inventory. Internal consistency will be<br />
examined using Cronbach Alpha procedures. To help determine construct validity, correlations<br />
will be run between scores on <strong>the</strong> HBVCI <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> EAMCI.<br />
53
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