the moral reasoning of student athletes and athletic training students

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abuse in the Olympic Games by teams in the Soviet Union became public (Eichner, 1997). These bizarre rituals and many others have been documented throughout the history of sport. Current methods include the use of stimulants, narcotics, anabolic agents, beta blockers, diuretics and hormones. Some athletes continue to use these substances as well as blood doping and even gene doping in an effort to gain a competitive edge (Pincock, 2005; Catlin & Murray, 1996). Collectively, the illegal use of substances or methods with the intention of gaining a competitive edge is called doping. Doping is a concern for all national and international sport governing bodies, as well as entities such as the United States Congress, for a number of reasons, including the compromised safety of the athlete, the moral integrity of the sport, and the issue of fairness of competition. Safety of the Athlete Most anti-doping researchers have argued that sport governing bodies should ban the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport because of the real, potentially life threatening and nonlife threatening negative health effects (Stoll, Gwebu, & Beller, 2006). They argue that because each individual who uses these drugs will experience many of these negative side effects performance enhancing substances should be banned. To better understand this argument we must understand: 1) the different types of drugs and performance enhancing measures being used, 2) who is using the different types of drugs, and 3) the negative health effects of these drugs. Types of Doping Anabolic Steroids Steroids are probably the most well-known form of all illegal and abused substances in sport today. Drugs simply known as steroids are generally synthetic reproductions of the 36
naturally occurring male sex hormone, testosterone. Since the 1950s, many different types of synthetic steroids have been developed in the United States (Noakes, 2004). Steroids can cause physiological changes such as increases in muscle mass, strength, and speed. These changes are particularly desirable for athletes that require a lot of power and explosive energy. Steroids can also alter athletes’ mental states and may help to speed recovery rates allowing athletes to train and compete harder and for longer periods of time (Noakes, 2004). Sports commonly associated with the use of anabolic steroids include football, baseball or softball, hockey, track and field events, and weightlifting to name a few. Researchers have found that anabolic steroids can negatively affect most of the physiological systems of the body including the reproductive systems of males and females, the cardiovascular, respiratory, integumentary, musculoskeletal and endocrine systems. Side effects can range in severity from acne to severe liver damage as well as dangerous psychological addictions and disturbances (Landry & Primos, 1990; Minelli, Rapaport & Kaiser, 1992). Despite the plentiful research athletes blinded by the drive for the competitive edge often overlook these harmful side effects. Stimulants Stimulants are another popular type of performance enhancing drug. They speed up metabolism, increase heart rate and blood pressure which, in turn, leads to increased blood flow and oxygen delivery thereby allegedly minimizing sensations of fatigue and improving performance (Noakes, 2004). Stimulants seem to be most commonly used by athletes that require shorter, more explosive performances. Stimulants increase heart rate and blood pressure, placing extra stress on the systems of the body that regulate temperature. A decrease in efficiency of the thermoregulatory systems can have devastating consequences including those associated with 37
Page 1 and 2: THE MORAL REASONING OF STUDENT ATHL
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Competitive, Respon
Page 5 and 6: sport. The results of this study we
Page 7 and 8: APPENDIX A ________________________
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER ONE Introduction What is it
Page 11 and 12: college edifice, their paternalisti
Page 13 and 14: are stronger adults because of the
Page 15 and 16: purpose of higher education, which
Page 17 and 18: dope or not dope as well as how ins
Page 19 and 20: the athletic training facilities. T
Page 21 and 22: Certified athletic trainers and ath
Page 23 and 24: 5. What are the differences between
Page 25 and 26: 4. Designer Drugs - A drug produced
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Literature Review The p
Page 29 and 30: more of a look like German institut
Page 31 and 32: institutions, conferences, and nati
Page 33 and 34: the cultural norms as a measure of
Page 35 and 36: “Moral reasoning, a systematic, l
Page 37 and 38: describe the reasons for particular
Page 39 and 40: it must be noted that only a low po
Page 41 and 42: Taylor-Hanson, in review). However,
Page 43: issues in sport or specific issues
Page 47 and 48: stored. After a few weeks, normal l
Page 49 and 50: of what the supplement actually con
Page 51 and 52: Despite the research and the warnin
Page 53 and 54: use their judgment in discriminatin
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER THREE Methodology Research
Page 57 and 58: Ergogenic Aids and Moral Competence
Page 59 and 60: and then evaluated each of the thre
Page 61 and 62: Procedures Arrangements were made w
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER FOUR Results The purpose of
Page 65 and 66: Table 2. Means and standard deviati
Page 67 and 68: I do not care whether Arnold choose
Page 69 and 70: Danny should do whatever will make
Page 71 and 72: Team Indiv. ATS F % F % F % Most co
Page 73 and 74: Most common reason not to take the
Page 75 and 76: Hypothesis Six No difference exists
Page 77 and 78: and find that low levels of moral r
Page 79 and 80: athletic training students did not
Page 81 and 82: another paper, the notions of care-
Page 83 and 84: esearch scored relatively low when
Page 85 and 86: Scenario five presented a similar s
Page 87 and 88: conversation and attitude speaks to
Page 89 and 90: consistent set of moral principles,
Page 91 and 92: REFERENCES Alder, P., & Alder, P.A.
Page 93 and 94: Beller, J.M., Stoll, S.K., Williams
Page 95 and 96:
Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J.,
Page 97 and 98:
Honour, J.W. (2004). The fight for
Page 99 and 100:
Perry, P.J., Lund, B.C., Deninger,
Page 101 and 102:
Smith, R.A. (1988). Sports and Free
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIX A HAHM - BELLER VALUES CHO
Page 105 and 106:
APPENDIX B EAMCI Instrument Please
Page 107 and 108:
2. George, while hanging out at the
Page 109 and 110:
4. Tony is the kind of athletic tra
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDIX C IRB approval 103
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