All about potatoes.pdf - Vegetableipmasia.org

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4. Planting_________________________________________________ 25 5.4.1. Planting time 25 5.4.2. Planting method 25 5.4.3. Intercropping 25 5.5. Hilling up and weeding ____________________________________ 26 5.6. Water management _______________________________________ 26 5.6.1. Irrigation systems 26 5.6.2. Watering 27 5.6.3. Water management and water-borne diseases 27 5.7. Crop rotation ____________________________________________ 27 6. INSECT ECOLOGY________________________________________ 29 6.1. Introduction _____________________________________________ 29 6.2. Insect anatomy___________________________________________ 29 6.3. Insect life cycle __________________________________________ 30 6.4. Insect pests _____________________________________________ 30 6.5. Beneficial insects ________________________________________ 32 6.6. Pest management ________________________________________ 33 6.6.1. Biological control 33 6.6.2. Mechanical control 34 6.6.3. Chemical control 35 7. MAJOR POTATO PESTS ___________________________________ 39 7.1. Leafminer fly ____________________________________________ 39 7.2. Potato tuber moth ________________________________________ 40 7.3. Aphid___________________________________________________ 41 7.4. Thrips __________________________________________________ 42 7.5. Cutworm ________________________________________________ 43 7.6. White grub ______________________________________________ 44 7.7. Mole cricket _____________________________________________ 45 7.8. Whitefly_________________________________________________ 45 7.9. Spider mite ______________________________________________ 45 7.10. Picture of major potato pests _______________________________ 47 8. MAJOR NATURAL ENEMIES OF POTATO PESTS ______________ 49 8.1. Predators _______________________________________________ 49 8.1.1. Ladybird 49 8.1.2. Ground and rove beetles 49 8.1.3. Hoverfly 49 8.1.4. Spider 50 8.1.5. Praying mantis 50 8.1.6. Earwig 50 8.1.7. Predatory fly 50 8.1.8. Other predators 51 8.2. Parasitoids ______________________________________________ 51 8.2.1. Parasitoids of leafminer fly 51 8.2.2. Parasitoids of other potato pests 51 iv ALL ABOUT POTATOES
TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.3. Pathogens ______________________________________________ 52 8.3.1. Granulosis Virus (GV) 52 8.3.2. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 53 8.3.3. Nematodes 53 8.3.4. Fungal pathogens 53 9. DISEASE ECOLOGY ______________________________________ 55 9.1. Plant diseases and their causes ____________________________ 55 9.2. Disease management _____________________________________ 55 9.2.1. Principles of disease management 55 9.2.2. Biological control 57 9.2.3. Chemical control 57 10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES________________________________ 59 10.1. Bacterial diseases ________________________________________ 59 10.1.1. Bacterial wilt 59 10.1.2. Blackleg or soft rot 60 10.1.3. Common scab 61 10.2. Fungal diseases (mold) ____________________________________ 62 10.2.1. Late blight 62 10.2.2. Early blight 66 10.2.3. Fusarium wilt 67 10.3. Viral diseases ____________________________________________ 67 10.3.1. Leafroll virus 68 10.3.2. Potato Y virus 68 10.3.3. Mosaic virus 69 10.4. Diseases caused by nematodes _____________________________ 69 10.4.1. Root-knot nematode 69 10.4.2. Golden cyst nematode 70 10.5. Problems caused by environmental factors ___________________ 71 10.5.1. Low temperatures 71 10.5.2. Nutrient deficiencies 71 10.6. Picture of major potato diseases ____________________________ 72 11. WEED ECOLOGY _________________________________________ 75 11.1. Weeds: damaging or beneficial? ____________________________ 75 11.2. Weed types ______________________________________________ 75 11.3. Weed management _______________________________________ 75 12. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT ______________ 77 12.1. Pruning plants before harvesting____________________________ 77 12.2. Harvest time _____________________________________________ 77 12.3. Harvesting methods and estimating yield _____________________ 77 12.4. Treatment of produce _____________________________________ 78 12.5. Marketing and prices ______________________________________ 79 12.6. Potato processing ________________________________________ 79 12.7. Analyses of the potato enterprise ___________________________ 79 REFERENCES_______________________________________________ 81 GLOSSARY _________________________________________________ 82 A HANDBOOK TO THE ECOLOGY AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF POTATO v
Page 2 and 3: Authors Editors Contributors Transl
Page 4 and 5: HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL? HOW TO USE
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS vi ALL ABOUT POTA
Page 10 and 11: 1. INTRODUCTION Originally, IPM was
Page 12 and 13: 2. POTATO PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPM
Page 14 and 15: 3. SOIL • Observe the sediment: t
Page 16 and 17: 3. SOIL • Rainfall - Rain causes
Page 18 and 19: 3. SOIL field to field and at diffe
Page 20 and 21: 3. SOIL • Prevention of erosion a
Page 22 and 23: 3. SOIL application of the various
Page 24 and 25: 3. SOIL 16 ALL ABOUT POTATOES
Page 26 and 27: 4. SEED PREPARATION AND PRODUCTION
Page 32 and 33: 5. CULTIVATION PRACTICES Table 8: D
Page 34 and 35: 5. CULTIVATION PRACTICES 5.5 Hillin
Page 36 and 37: 5. CULTIVATION PRACTICES • Mainta
Page 38 and 39: 6. INSECT ECOLOGY 6.3 Insect life c
Page 40 and 41: 6. INSECT ECOLOGY 6.5 Beneficial in
Page 42 and 43: 6. INSECT ECOLOGY How to use it: Sq
Page 44 and 45: 6. INSECT ECOLOGY water or may alre
Page 46 and 47: 6. INSECT ECOLOGY F. Pesticide haza
Page 48 and 49: 7. MAJOR POTATO PESTS • Balancing
Page 50 and 51: 7. MAJOR POTATO PESTS pest has many
Page 52 and 53: 7. MAJOR POTATO PESTS to eat them.
Page 54 and 55: 7. MAJOR POTATO PESTS Lifecycle The
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7. MAJOR POTATO PESTS Cutworms in t
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8. MAJOR NATURAL ENEMIES OF POTATO
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9. DISEASE ECOLOGY • The environm
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9. DISEASE ECOLOGY 58 ALL ABOUT POT
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES Managemen
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES • Destr
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES o In thei
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES B.3. Usin
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES Viral dis
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES Managemen
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES • Potas
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10. MAJOR POTATO DISEASES Potato vi
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11. WEED ECOLOGY You can manage wee
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12. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST MANAGE
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12. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST MANAGE
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GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Aphid Bacterial w
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