Crops Improvement of Tropical Fruits in Bogor Agricultural University

Crops Improvement of Tropical Fruits in 

Bogor Agricultural l University 

i 

C T F S 

D A H 

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Most Healthy Indonesian Fruits 

• Papayas 

• Pineapples 

• Bananas 

• Citrus sp. 

• Mangoes 

• Guavas 

• Starfruit 

• Mangosteen 

• Melon 

• Wt 

Water melon

Most Healthy Indonesian Fruits 

• Cashew apples 

• Spondias 

• Java plum 

• Custard Apples 

• Soursop 

• Lychees 

• Avocados 

• Jackfruits 

• Pomegranate 

• Passion fruits 

• Sapodilas

Salaca Fruits Melon Rose Apple 

Star Fruits 

Dragon Fruits 

Ra,butan 

Most Healthy Indonesian Fruits

Fruits Consumption per capita (kg) 

2000 2001 2002 2003 

World 60.00 59.00 61.00 62.00 

Developed Countries 85.00 82.00 85.00 86.00 

Developing Countries 53.00 53.00 55.00 55.00 

Asia 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 

Indonesia 35.00 41.00 47.00 49.00

Fruits Consumption of Asian Countries (kg/kapita/tahun) 

Negara 2000 2001 2002 2003 

Iran 155.00 156.00 158.00 158.00 

Lebanon 148.00 133.00 130.00 150.00 

United Arab Emirates 124.00 124.00 153.00 128.00 

Israel 126.00 129.00 127.00 115.00 

Cyprus 131.00 115.00 110.00 109.00 

Turkey 107.00 98.00 100.00 107.00 

Philippines 98.00 94.00 103.00 103.00 

Saudi Arabia 87.00 91.00 92.00 102.0000 

Brunei Darussalam 70.00 88.00 95.00 98.00 

Maldives 85.00 86.00 88.00 90.00 

Thailand 92.00 92.00 86.00 86.00 

Syria 96.00 93.00 83.00 84.00 

Palestine 103.00 103.00 97.00 82.00 

South Korea 68.00 70.00 66.00 63.00 

Jordan 51.00 53.00 61.00 58.00 

North Korea 54.00 55.00 56.00 56.00 

Viet Nam 50.00 49.00 52.00 55.00 

Malaysia 55.00 56.00 55.00 54.00 

Japan 51.00 53.00 56.00 54.00 

China 43.00 46.00 47.00 49.00 

Indonesia 35.00 41.00 47.00 49.00

Total Fruits Consumption (ton) 

Negara 2000 2001 2002 2003 

China 55.219.042 59.527.395 61.749.072 65.239.807 

India 36.253.842 36.786.481 39.597.113 40.214.898 

Iran 10.332.966 10.532.581 10.772.620 10.956.290 

Indonesia 7.540.364 8.895.620 10.386.963 10.816.949 

Philippines 7.456.504 7.261.877 8.171.665 8.280.744 

Turkey 7.373.209 6.839.910 7.035.011 7.675.358 

Japan 6485157 6.787.884 7.160.735 7.000.233 

Thailand 5.620.706 5.698.938 5.389.877 5.429.574 

Pakistan 5.001.182 4.946.787 4.732.370 4.725.497 

Viet Nam 3.923.844 3.953.232 4.224.720 4.531.483 

South Korea 3.204.160 3.331.496 3.168.561 3.038.556 

Saudi Arabia 1.941.230 2.081.096 2.176.736 2.475.799 

Myanmar 1.338.720 1.474.686 1.530.668 1.557.426 

Bangladesh 1.337.089 1.424.599 1.411.450 1.545.533 

Syria 1.603.496 1.579.832 1.449.480 1.498.959 

Malaysia 1.267.164 1.316.003 1.325.631 1.336.608

World Production of Major Fruits 2004-2008 (ton) 

Commodity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Bananas & 

Plantains 109.078.111 112.361.092 118.266.539 123.770.212 125.049.265 

Citrus 112.327.962 109.948.124 116.223.849 118.563.114 122.087.751 

Watermelons 87.822.215 90.169.881 93.887.725 93.691.552 99.194.223 

Grapes 67.564.679 67.195.473 67.341.160 65.971.144 67.708.587 

Apples 62.707.458 62.517.903 64.310.401 66.091.848 69.603.640 

Mangoes, 29.087.337 31.251.420 32.995.171 33.866.557 34.343.083 

mangosteens, 

guavas 

Pears 18.468.276 19.329.881 19.651.315 20.612.142 20.998.473 

Pineapples 16.667.677 17.813.831 19.498.103 21.008.795 19.166.560 

Papayas 8.594.281 8.066.114 8.913.064 9.210.748 9.095.875 

Strawberries 3.652.757 3.779.123 3.973.780 3.998.280 4.068.454 

Persimmons 2.896.997 3.261.981 3.335.565 3.383.165 3.627.575 

Avocados 3.205.488 3.413.984 3.585.358 358 3.591.989 989 3.532.011 

Kiwi fruit 1.151.697 1.180.327 1.223.384 1.240.447 1.308.424 

Total Fruits 661.600.249 673.385.330 699.547.480 710.968.944 727.552.487

World Export of Major Fresh Fruits 

Commodities 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Bananas & Plantains 15.658.867 16.156.173 16.713.343 17.360.709 18.190.841 

Citrus 7.806.061 7.991.617 8.327.512 8.732.642 8.920.929 

Apples 6.235.831 6.422.427 427 7.006.254 7.183.014 8.534.525 

525 

Grapes 3.120.864 3.064.453 3.505.634 3.432.392 4.431.336 

Pineapples 1.541.870 1.853.579 579 2.221.538221 2.489.782 2.826.760 

Watermelons 1.715.384 2.084.585 2.200.612 2.384.533 2.357.780 

Mangoes, mangosteens, 

guavas 935.298 911.747 927.843 1.128.454 1.136.103 

Avocados 416.095 490.711 651.264 579.525525 912.868 

Papayas 253.658 276.897 254.451 272.455 276.702

Indonesian Major Fruits Production 

2004-2008 (ton) 

Commodity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Bananas & 

Plantains 4.177.155 155 4.874.439 439 5.177.608 5.037.472 5.454.226 

Citrus 1.441.680 1.994.760 2.150.219 2.479.852 2.551.635 

Pineapples 677.089 709.918 925.082 1.427.781 2.237.858 

Mangoes 1.526.474 1.437.665 1.412.884 1.621.997 1.818.619 

Salak 928.613 800.975 937.931 861.950 805.879 

Rambutan 815.438 709.857 675.578 801.077 705.823 

Papayas 626.745 732.611 548.657 643.451451 621.524 

Jackfruits 694.654 710.795 712.693 683.904 601.929 

Durian 741.831 675.902 566.205 747.848 594.842 

Wt Watermelons 455.464464 410.195195 366.702 392.587 350.780 

Avocados 255.957 221.774 227.577 239.463 201.635 

Guavas 239.108 210.320 178.509 196.180 179.474 

Duku 232.814 146.067 163.389 157.655 178.026 

Mangosteens 79.073 62.117 64.711 72.634 112.722 

Total 13.551.435 14.348.456 14.786.599 16.171.130 17.116.622

Indonesia Export of Major Fruits (kg) 

(source:BPS) 

COMMODITY 2003 2004 2005 2006 

Pineapples 148,053,124 134,953,912 198,618,964 219,653,476 

Mangosteen 9,304,511 , 3,045,379 , 8,472,770 , 5,697,879 

, 

Bananas 244,652 1,197,495 3,647,027 4,443,188 

Mangoes 584,500 1,879,664 964,294 1,181,881 

Citrus 1,403,781 2,046,221 221 1,248,559 1,140,737140 Melons 263,832 - 321,445 140,931 

Papayas 187,972 524,686 60,485 140,083 

Guavas 76,488 106,274 15,277 139,842 

Watermelons 16,679 - - 4,392 

Avocados 169,049 5,416 5,121 4,104 

Durian 13,707 - 2,911 2,635 

Rambutan 603,612 134,772 - - 

Langsat/Duku 21,044 1,643 - - 

Others 28,311,484 27,927,156 58,939,819 29,809,346 

Total 189,254,435 171,822,618 272,296,672 262,358,494

Share of Indonesia Fruits Production & Export 

(2007) 

Commodity Production(ton) Export (ton) 

World INA % Rank World INA % Rank 

Bananas 89.099.503 5.454.226 6,12 6 17.666.518 2.378 0,013 62 

Mangoes, 

Mangosteen & Guavas 33.866.557 1.818.619 5,37 4 1.136.103 1.198 0,105 33 

Pineapples 21.008.795 2.237.858237 10,65 3 

Fresh Pineapples 2.826.760 473 0,017 45 

Pineapples Cans 1.172.978 91.092 7,766 3 

Pineapples Juice 352.832 18.547 5,257 4 

Papayas 9.210.748 621.524 675 6,75 5 276.702702 37 0,013013 41 

Avocados 3.591.989 201.635 5,61 3 912.868 42 0,005 41

Requirement in Fruits Trade 

Grower Trader Consumer 

Requirements: 

Productivity 

Salable 

Price 

Production cost 

Land, seed and 

facility 

Technology 

System 

Requirements: 

Easy to be handling 

Easy for Shiping 

Shelf-life 

Price 

Supply 

Trace-ability 

Supply-Chain Management 

(SCM) 

Requirements: 

Safety 

Quality 

Price 

Supply 

Nutritious 

Packaging 

Promotion 

Concern to 

environment 

Concern to grower 

Trace-ability 

World Trade: 

Quarantine 

SPS 

Quality requirement 

GAP 

Ω Regulation 

Ω Standard 

d 

Ω Sertification 

Ω Label

Mandate 

Improve Tropical Fruits Competitiveness trough 

Improve Tropical Fruits Competitiveness trough 

Breeding Program, Technology Development, 

Marketing and Clustering

Facilities 

Laboratories: 

Tissue Culture 

Molecular Biology 

Post Harvest 

Plant Physiology 

Pest and Disease 

Bacillus cereus 

P. fluorescents

Facilities 

Field Station 

Kebun Tajur I (4 ha) 

Kebun Tajur II (3.5 ha) 

Kebun Pasir Kuda (1.8 ha)

Positioning

Strategy and Approach 

• Ideotype of products referred to stakeholders 

preferences 

• Long term program 

• Transparency in planning and implementation of the 

program 

• Guided by Roadmap Technology

Crop Improvement 

Tropical Fruit Genetic Studies 

1. Mangosteen genetic variability, first 

elucidated in 2002 

2. Mangosteen origin, source of variability 

3. Spine characters inheritance of pineapples 

4. Papaya gender expression molecular l marker

Mangosteen apomixis & polyembronic seed


Mangosteen varieties 

Mangosteen Wanayasa Mangosteen Puspahiang Mangosteen Malinau

Garcinia hombroniana 

X 

Garcinia malaccensis 

2n = 48 2n = 42 

2n = 88-90 

Garcinia mangostana 

(alotetraploid) 

13 mophological characters (Richards, 1990) 

No. Characters acte No. Characters 

acte 1 Flowering time 8 Anthers arrangement 

Presence of anthers at female 

flowers 

2 Colour of the sap 9 

3 Colour of Sepal (Corola) 

4 Stigma position 10 Fruit shape 

5 Textur of stigma surface 11 Textur of the fruit peel surface 

6 Ratiostigma lobes 12 Colour of mature fruits 

7 Diameter of stigma 13 Aroma of the aril

Garcinia selebica 

X 

Garcinia malaccensis 

Garcinia mangostana 

• 81 morphological characters 

• 11 primers 

• 180 tapes 

Lasih, 2011


Germplasm Collection


Small size papayas 

Soft, 

Easy to be eaten using spoon


Medium-big size papayas 

IPB-3 

PVT No. 27/PVHP/2007 

Released and disseminated with 

Sukabumi Regency


High nutrient value banana 

Rajabulu Kuning 

 

 

 

 

 

Sweet 

Tasty 

High carotene contents 

(88.3 mcg/100 g) 

Low glycemic indexs 

(52%) 

High economic value 

Disseminated with Bogor Regency, and 

Central Java Province Local Government


Diseases tolerance banana 

Fusarium Wilt 

Blood Diseases Bacterial Wilt


High value local variety 

Delika Subang 

Mahkota Bogor 

Released and Developed with Bogor Regency


New hybrid varieties 

V4 

No PPVT : 25/PVHP/2007 

V 49 

No PPVT : 26/PVHP/2007


New type pineapple 

Golden Pineapple 

The new Ideotype


New hybrid of melon 

Bright Meta Snow White Meta Golden Meta


New hybrid of melon 

IPB-MH301 

(Sunrise Meta) 

IPB-MH302 

(Orange Meta) 

IPB-MH303 

(Mentor Meta) 

IPB-MH304 

(Equator Meta)


Propagation materials production 

1. Mother plantlet propagation of pineapple and banana 

2. Development of tissue culture protocol for seedling 

production of pineapple and banana 

3. Production and dissemination of seed papaya 

4. Production of mangosteen seedlings

Research Results on Technological Development 

Seed Propagation : 

In-vitro propagation of pineapple 

with high multiplication rate and low 

genetics variability 

Embryo somatic culture of papaya 

for sex expression trapping 

Regeneration of mangosteen


Propagation materials production


Field Production Technology : 

Utilization of microorganism for rooting 

improvement in mangosteen. 

Harvesting pattern mapping of mangosteen 

throughout Sumatra and Java for marketing 

purposes. 

Bio-control agents for panama disease in 

banana. 

Identification of parasitoid for Desmicoccus 

brevives as viral vector on pineapple 

Improvement of mangosteen orchard 

Control of Gumosis (Yellow Latex)

Field Production Technology Development 

Application of A. rhizogens for rooting improvement of mangosteen 

control 

ATCC15834 

TISTR 509 07-2001 

R1000 

A4

Field Production Technology Development 

Produksi buah (ton n/ha) 

78 

76 

74 

72 

70 

68 

y = -3E-05x 2 + 0,0347x + 64,795 

r = 0,94* 

66 

64 

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 

Dosis pupuk nitrogen (kg N/ha) 

100 

95 

tif (%) 

Hasil Rela 

90 

85 

80 

75 

y = -101,06x206x2 + 188,96x + 8,6117 

r = 0,91* 

70 

0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 

Kadar N Daun 'D' (%) 

IPM for Mealybug Wilt Diseases 

Model for fertilizer 

application dosage


Field Production Technology : 

Fruit size manipulation on papaya and pineapple 

Seedling treatment for hermaphrodite expression on 

papaya 

GAP Implementation on farmers through establishment 

SOP of Papaya, Pineapple, Banana, Mangosteen, Melon, 

Salacafruit, Citrus (in cooperation with Ministry of 

Agriculture)

Culture Technology Development 

Higher productivity (45-80 

kg/tree) 

Export quality up to 40%, 

from 10% 

Increasing environment 

awareness among farmers


Improvement of mangosteen orchard system will be adopted 

Improvement of mangosteen orchard system will be adopted 

national wide

Fruit for Catchment Area Rehabilitation 

F it it bl t i t h t hi h i id 

Fruit very suitable to usein catchment area which is provide 

economic benefit to villagers and maintain buffering capacity 

as environments benefit to community

Yell late is the main r blem in man steen a rib siness beca se 

Yellow latex is the main problem in mangosteen agribusiness, because 

it becomes a factor that reduce the fruit quality

EXOCARP 

MESOCARP 

Saluran getah kuning 

Yll Yellow Lt Latex 


Secretory 

ENDOCARP 


ARILUS 

500µm 

Transversal Section of Manggosteen Fruit 

The ducts are found in the exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, 

e ducts a e ou d t e e oca p, esoca p, e doca p, 

aryl of the fruit, flower, stem and leaf.

Lumen 

Epithel 

300 µm 

50 µm 

Structure of Yellow Latex Secretary Duct of Manggosteen Mesokarp 

Ultrastructural observation showed that the ducts 

were surrounded by specific epithelial cells, which 

were living cells containing dense cytoplasm with 

plastid, mitochondria and golgi apparatus organelles.

A 

B 

2 mm 

The ducts are branched, canal-likelike type 

There are continuous secretory ducts from fruit stalk to the 

fruit. 

The qualitative ti test t indicated d that t the yellow latex collected from 

stem bark, outer part of fruit, young fruit pericarp, mature aril and 

young aril contained terpenoid, flavonoid and tannin, but not 

alkaloid, saponin and steroid.

Yellow latex become a problem when the epithelial cells of 

the duct rupture, and the latex spilled into the aryl 

100 µm 

The rupture of epithelial cells 

We found that the rupture of epithelial cells due to low Ca in the soil 

We found that the rupture of epithelial cells due to low Ca in the soil. 

The Ca needed to form calsium-pectat in the cell wall of epithelial cells. 

Spraying CaCl2 directly to the fruits decreased the yellow latex incident 

at the aryls.


Post-harvest technology 

• Pineapple for specific purpose (bromelain) 

• Utilization banana flour as high nutrition of instant baby food. 

• Papain studies of papaya 

• Starch contents studies of several banana cultivar. 

• Establishment National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for 

Pineapple, Banana, Citrus, and Passion Fruit (Cooperated with 

Ministry of Agriculture).


Fruit processing

Services 

• Trainings 

• Business Consultation 

• Research Collaboration 

• Community Development

Partnership 

• Business 

• Government 

• Farmer 

• R&D Institution

Publication and Promotion

Publication and Promotion 

Promotion and database: 

• Website : http://www.pkbt.ipb.ac.idpkbt id 

• Booklet, brochure, poster 

• Newspaper: pp Agrina, GATRA, Trubus 

• TV : acara asal usul, empat mata

Collaboration Potential 

• Germplasm exchange: 

◦ We have good variety of: 

• Mangosteen 

• Papaya 

• Durian 

• Rambutan 

• Banana 

• Pineapple 

We need: 

• Better quality of orange mandarin 

• Better quality of red/yellow peel of mangoes 

• Others

• Staff Exchange 

• Student Exchange 

• Sandwich Program 

• Credit Earning 

• Joint Degree Program 

• Joint Research and Joint Publication

ありがとうございま 

した 

شکريہ 

آپ کا 

Terima Kasih 

http://www.pkbt.ipb.ac.id; email : ipbfruit@indo.net.id

Crops Improvement of Tropical Fruits in Bogor Agricultural University

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