Literature Review on Provision of Appropriate and Accessible ...

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PAGE 42 almost 18 per cent used Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA). [14] The researchers <strong>Literature</strong> found <strong>Review</strong> that institutional Provision of factors Appropriate played and a major Accessible role Support to People with an Intellectual Disability who are in contraception usage amongst women with intellectual disability, Experiencing Crisis Pregnancy factors such as whether the women were residing in an institution or at home with their parents, as well as the sexual relationship policy and contraception policy of the institution. The following factors were associated with an increased probability of using contraception: • Residing in an institution • Living in an institution where contraception is required or advised • Living in an institution where sexual intercourse is not prohibited • Having a milder disability. Servais et al. (2002) comment on the low influence of personal or medical factors in the women’s use of contraception and argued that medical factors should be given more consideration when decisions about contraception are being made. They assert that contraception for sub-groups of women with intellectual disability should be more comprehensively managed, taking into account medical factors and the heterogeneity amongst women with intellectual disability. Contraceptive choices, they argue, should not be exclusively influenced by environmental factors. Other findings from Servais et al.’s research included: • Previous sexual intercourse and involvement in an affective relationship were strongly associated with the level of disability. • Women with severe intellectual disability had increased usage of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate. 14 The authors note that these figures differed widely from the general Belgian population. Women with ID were using contraception less frequently (60% versus 68%), their contraceptive method was less likely to be an oral contraceptive agent (18% versus 46%), and more often sterilisation (22% versus 7%) or DMPA (17% versus ‹2%) (Servais et al., 2002).
PAGE 43 • Contraception in women with mild intellectual disability was less dependent on the factors associated with contraception amongst women with moderate or severe intellectual disability. The authors suggest that the reasons for this may be women with mild intellectual disability’s greater decision-making capacity, thereby making them less dependent on the choices of the facility. Support to People with an Intellectual Disability who are Accessible and Appropriate of Provision on <strong>Review</strong> <strong>Literature</strong> Experiencing Crisis Pregnancy • Existence of a sex education programme seemed to be associated with a decreasing probability of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate usage, especially for women with moderate intellectual disability. Some research findings highlight how important sex education training and programmes are for women with intellectual disability. Cheng and Udry’s research (2005) examined a longitudinal survey of adolescent health in the US, identifying 422 adolescents with low cognitive abilities. [15] Findings in relation to birth control included: • Mental ability was positively associated with birth control: the higher the mental ability the greater the likelihood of using birth control; for example, amongst sexually experienced girls only 38 percent of those with low cognitive abilities used birth control for their first experience of sex, and 39 percent for their most recent sexual experience, compared with 63 per cent and 65 per cent for girls with average intelligence. • Almost half of the girls with low cognitive abilities consistently did not use any protection during sex; results showed that the likelihood of these girls not using any birth control for their first or most recent sexual experience was five times greater that for girls with average intelligence. 15 Cognitive abilities were measured using Add Health Picture Vocabulary Test (AHPVT); those respondents who scored below 70 comprised their research sample.
Page 1 and 2: Literature <strong
Page 3 and 4: Literature <strong
Page 5 and 6: PAGE 5 Foreword by the HSE Crisis P
Page 7 and 8: PAGE 7 Foreword by the National Dis
Page 9 and 10: PAGE 9 About the author Joan O’Co
Page 11 and 12: PAGE 11 2.5.4 Codes of practice 52
Page 13 and 14: PAGE 13 4.5.1 Challenges in support
Page 15 and 16: PAGE 15 Glossary of terms Enduring
Page 17 and 18: PAGE 17 • The pattern of contrace
Page 19 and 20: PAGE 19 • The review considers th
Page 21 and 22: PAGE 21 • To describe the challen
Page 23 and 24: PAGE 23 on how impairments affect f
Page 25 and 26: PAGE 25 • Searches by publication
Page 27 and 28: PAGE 27 • Differences in definiti
Page 29 and 30: PAGE 29 • 32 per cent (8,262 indi
Page 31 and 32: PAGE 31 1.7 Heterogeneity People wi
Page 33 and 34: PAGE 33 McCarthy (1999: 44) notes t
Page 35 and 36: PAGE 35 partner was the same age, a
Page 37 and 38: PAGE 37 1.10 Structure of the revie
Page 39 and 40: PAGE 39 is placed on their health a
Page 41: PAGE 41 McCarthy (1999: 221), who c
Page 45 and 46: PAGE 45 Wehmeyer and Bolding’s re
Page 47 and 48: PAGE 47 persons who lack decision-m
Page 49 and 50: PAGE 49 • Consent and capacity in
Page 51 and 52: PAGE 51 2. When doing the act, reas
Page 53 and 54: PAGE 53 2.6 Critique of the Law Ref
Page 55 and 56: PAGE 55 or she is unable to make a
Page 57 and 58: PAGE 57 Good practice provisions of
Page 59 and 60: PAGE 59 reasonably can to work out
Page 61 and 62: PAGE 61 has reasonable grounds to b
Page 63 and 64: PAGE 63 They point out that evaluat
Page 65 and 66: PAGE 65 2.8.2 Assessment of capacit
Page 67 and 68: PAGE 67 In the absence of explicit
Page 69 and 70: PAGE 69 4. Physical disabilities, n
Page 71 and 72: PAGE 71 The British Medical Associa
Page 73 and 74: PAGE 73 legislation in this area an
Page 75 and 76: PAGE 75 • Consideration of whethe
Page 77 and 78: PAGE 77 perceive sexual activity as
Page 79 and 80: PAGE 79 The right to have children
Page 81 and 82: PAGE 81 • In relation to capacity
Page 83 and 84: PAGE 83 more serious the decision,
Page 85 and 86: PAGE 85 - The requirement that the
Page 87 and 88: PAGE 87 3.0 Capacity to consent to
Page 89 and 90: PAGE 89 The following rights, oblig
Page 91 and 92: PAGE 91 relationships of various ki
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PAGE 93 Studies consistently show t
Page 95 and 96:
PAGE 95 Functional approach is base
Page 97 and 98:
PAGE 97 • There needs to be a rea
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PAGE 99 of capacity to consent to s
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PAGE 101 Meanwhile, the authors fou
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PAGE 103 3.8 Situational aspect of
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PAGE 105 3.11 Laws that prohibit se
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PAGE 107 autonomy and fulfilment. I
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PAGE 109 laws generally require tha
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PAGE 111 • Offences where the def
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PAGE 113 2002; McCabe, 1999). Grayd
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PAGE 115 higher prosecution rates.
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PAGE 117 Section 17 of the Crimes (
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PAGE 119 relationships. The study i
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PAGE 121 Table 3: Comparative legis
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PAGE 123 Legal aspect Ireland Unite
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PAGE 125 Legal aspect Relevant legi
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PAGE 127 any formal contract or tes
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PAGE 129 Laws that prohibit sex wit
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PAGE 131 and the particular pressur
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PAGE 133 relationships, marriage, a
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PAGE 135 • 44 per cent knew that
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PAGE 137 be perceived as a risk fac
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PAGE 139 4.3.1 Components of sex ed
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PAGE 141 introduced students not on
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PAGE 143 to have a significant impa
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PAGE 145 about pregnancy and childb
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PAGE 147 Eastgate (2008), writing i
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PAGE 149 • Considered themselves
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PAGE 151 4.7 Pregnancy outcomes in
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PAGE 153 The authors suggested that
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PAGE 155 Research indicates that le
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PAGE 157 Klaar (1999) notes that so
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PAGE 159 Workers might also need to
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PAGE 161 • Possible components of
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PAGE 163 Accessing services • The
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PAGE 165 5.0 Parenting 5.1 Introduc
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PAGE 167 5.2 Approaches to understa
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PAGE 169 fulfilling three condition
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PAGE 171 Tarleton et al.’s study
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PAGE 173 vulnerable if a breakdown
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PAGE 175 More recent research on mo
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PAGE 177 while training programmes
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PAGE 179 5.8 Adequacy of training a
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PAGE 181 5.10 Key findings Key find
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PAGE 183 Professional and training
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Support to People with an Intellect
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PAGE 187 The review examined nation
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PAGE 189 A number of issues have be
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PAGE 191 6.5 Capacity to consent to
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PAGE 193 • A number of commentato
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PAGE 195 • During the early stage
Page 197 and 198:
PAGE 197 Bibliography Affleck, F. (
Page 199 and 200:
PAGE 199 Bartlett, P. (2008) Blacks
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PAGE 201 Booth, T. & Booth, W. (200
Page 203 and 204:
PAGE 203 Burgen, B. (2008a) ‘Stra
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PAGE 205 Cuskelly, M. & Bryde, R. (
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PAGE 207 Issues in Sexuality and Le
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PAGE 209 The Mental Health Foundati
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PAGE 211 Gust, D.A., Wang, S.A., Gr
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PAGE 213 Kaplan C. & Richman S. (20
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PAGE 215 Leutar, Z. & Mihokovic, M
Page 217 and 218:
PAGE 217 Mayes, R., Llewellyn, G. &
Page 219 and 220:
PAGE 219 McConnell, D., Llewellyn,
Page 221 and 222:
PAGE 221 Murphy, G.H. & Clare, I.C.
Page 223 and 224:
PAGE 223 O’Hara, J. & Sperlinger,
Page 225 and 226:
PAGE 225 Rogers, J. (1997) Birthcoa
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PAGE 227 period 1988 to 1999. Journ
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PAGE 229 Traustadottir, R. (1997) W
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PAGE 231 Watson, G. & Rogers, R. (1
Page 233 and 234:
PAGE 233 Appendices Appendix A - Co
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PAGE 235 Form 4 D Involvement of th
Page 237 and 238:
PAGE 237 Guidance to health profess
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PAGE 239 involve people close to th
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Experiencing Crisis Pregnancy <stro
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