Fiji's Ancient Seafarers Dr. Patrick D. Nunn - Earthwatch Institute
Fiji's Ancient Seafarers Dr. Patrick D. Nunn - Earthwatch Institute Fiji's Ancient Seafarers Dr. Patrick D. Nunn - Earthwatch Institute
2009 Earthwatch. 2009 EXPEDITION BRIEFING AND FORMS Fiji’s Ancient Seafarers Dr. Patrick D. Nunn University of the South Pacific
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- Page 6 and 7: GENERAL INFORMATION PROJECT TITLE:
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- Page 12 and 13: Other Possible Visiting Scientists
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- Page 18 and 19: TRAVEL PLANNING 9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE
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- Page 28 and 29: APPENDIX FIJI’S ANCIENT SEAFARERS
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2009<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong>.<br />
2009 EXPEDITION BRIEFING AND FORMS<br />
Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong><br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Patrick</strong> D. <strong>Nunn</strong><br />
University of the South Pacific
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i
The University of the South Pacific<br />
School of Geography<br />
Suva, Fiji Islands<br />
Dear Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong> Volunteers,<br />
I am delighted to welcome you to my research project! It is an important project in many ways, not least because<br />
it is helping fill a huge void in the understanding of early Pacific Island history among the people who live here<br />
today. I have been living and researching in the Pacific Islands for more than 23 years now, and continue to be<br />
shocked at what people understand about their early history. Myths and legends and impossible scenarios<br />
abound, something that is encouraged by many tourism operators and is even included in school curricula. I have<br />
come around to the view that the self-esteem of the Pacific Islands people will be greatly improved if they can<br />
become aware of their true history, something that is a source of real pride.<br />
This project is different from many similar projects in that one of its principal goals is raising awareness within<br />
Fiji and other Pacific Island countries. The University of the South Pacific, where I work, is an international<br />
university that serves 12 island nations. I engage my university students from many of these countries to work<br />
with me on projects like this one in the expectation that they will learn from these experiences and take this<br />
learning back to their home communities. You will be working alongside educated Pacific Islander students who<br />
will be able to explain the imperatives surrounding this research and will also be able to act as conduits between<br />
you and the people of Vusama Village where we stay.<br />
Vusama is a traditional Fijian village, and the people living there possess all the traditional values that make the<br />
Pacific Islands such a special part of the world. You can be sure that the friendly Vusama people will do anything<br />
they can to make you feel comfortable and welcome, but there are certain restrictions to which all of us need to<br />
adhere. For example, while you will have the opportunity to enjoy the very traditional local (non-alcoholic) drink<br />
kava (yaqona), please understand that alcohol is strictly forbidden on this trip for cultural reasons. I have built up a<br />
great deal of mutual trust and understanding with the people of Vusama over the years that is predicated on their<br />
social mores being respected by my research team members, wherever they may come from.<br />
I am sure you will also enjoy the company of my two deputies, Roselyn Kumar and Sepeti Matararaba. Both<br />
Roselyn (“Rosie”) and Sepeti (“Mata”) have worked with me on numerous occasions in the past. Roselyn is a<br />
human dynamo, full of ideas and enthusiasm, warm, kind and understanding. Sepeti works harder than people<br />
one-third of his age, is inspirational and knowledgeable, and has a mischievous sense of humor.<br />
So if you are flexible, keen to work hard, and up for an authentic cultural immersion in a little-known culture, this<br />
project is for you.<br />
Yours sincerely,<br />
<strong>Patrick</strong> D. <strong>Nunn</strong><br />
Professor of Oceanic Geoscience<br />
ii
Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong><br />
Table of Contents<br />
GENERAL INFORMATION...................................................................................................................................................1<br />
VOLUNTEER FORMS.............................................................................................................................................................2<br />
THE EXPEDITION...................................................................................................................................................................4<br />
1. PROJECT OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................................................4<br />
2. RESEARCH AREA.................................................................................................................................................................4<br />
3. PROJECT STAFF ...................................................................................................................................................................6<br />
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD ..................................................................................................................................................8<br />
4. VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS ........................................................................................................................8<br />
5. TEAM ITINERARY ................................................................................................................................................................9<br />
6. DAILY SCHEDULE AND TASKS...........................................................................................................................................10<br />
7. ACCOMMODATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................10<br />
8. FOOD.................................................................................................................................................................................11<br />
TRAVEL PLANNING ............................................................................................................................................................13<br />
9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE ........................................................................................................................................................13<br />
10. PROJECT CONDITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................16<br />
11. HEALTH INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................................................18<br />
12. PACKING CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................19<br />
13. RECOMMENDED READING...............................................................................................................................................20<br />
15. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD............................................................................................................................................21<br />
17. HELPFUL RESOURCES......................................................................................................................................................21<br />
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................................................23<br />
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST..............................................................................................................................29<br />
iii
GENERAL INFORMATION<br />
PROJECT TITLE:<br />
Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong><br />
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Patrick</strong> D. <strong>Nunn</strong>, Professor of Oceanic Geoscience, School of<br />
Geography, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji<br />
RESEARCH SITE:<br />
Rove Peninsula, Southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji<br />
EXPEDITION LENGTH:<br />
15 days<br />
TEAM SIZE MINIMUM/MAXIMUM:<br />
8/20 volunteers<br />
MINIMUM AGE OF PARTICIPATION:<br />
18 years of age<br />
1
VOLUNTEER FORMS<br />
All <strong>Earthwatch</strong> expedition participants are required to read and complete a number of volunteer forms. Some of<br />
these forms are used to ensure your safety in the field, to inform <strong>Earthwatch</strong> and project staff of your current<br />
health and fitness as they pertain to your expedition, to notify <strong>Earthwatch</strong> and project staff of your travel plans,<br />
etc. These forms must be filled out and returned to <strong>Earthwatch</strong> AFTER you sign up for an expedition. Other<br />
forms are for your reference and will inform you of certain <strong>Earthwatch</strong> policies and resources. You do not need to<br />
return these forms. See below for details.<br />
Volunteer forms are available at http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms. Instructions for completing your forms<br />
are included on this web page. However, you may not need to complete all of the forms listed online. Please see<br />
below for a list of the specific forms required for this expedition.<br />
Note: It is very important that you read and understand both your Expedition Briefing and the volunteer forms<br />
listed below.<br />
Volunteers Forms to be Returned to <strong>Earthwatch</strong><br />
Please complete and return the following forms to your <strong>Earthwatch</strong> Expedition Coordinator:<br />
• A: Personal History<br />
• B: Health Form<br />
• C: Travel Details Form<br />
• D: Liability Release<br />
How to return your forms: Forms B and D require written signatures and must therefore be printed out and<br />
signed. All other forms may be filled out electronically. You may return your forms to your <strong>Earthwatch</strong><br />
Expedition Coordinator by mail, fax (+1 978-461-2332), or email (forms requiring signatures may be scanned and<br />
emailed). If you mail hard copies of your forms to <strong>Earthwatch</strong>, please do not staple them together and be sure to<br />
keep a copy of each form for your records. Please see the welcome letter at the start of this briefing for your<br />
Expedition Coordinator’s name and contact information.<br />
Deadline for form submission: Your volunteer forms must be completed and returned to <strong>Earthwatch</strong> no later<br />
than 60 days prior to your expedition.<br />
If you sign up within 60 days of your expedition: If signing up to participate within 60 days of an expedition’s<br />
start date, please complete each form to the best of your ability and send them to <strong>Earthwatch</strong> immediately. Please<br />
note the date of your doctor’s appointment on Form B: Health Form. You will need to resend Form B: Health<br />
Form after having it completed and signed by your doctor.<br />
Other Forms for Your Reference<br />
The forms listed below are for your reference only and do not need to be returned to <strong>Earthwatch</strong>. However, it is<br />
very important that you read and understand these forms, which are included in the Appendix of your printed<br />
Expedition Briefing.<br />
• Rights and Responsibilities<br />
• Financial Terms and Conditions<br />
2
The additional forms below are also for your reference and benefit and are available online at<br />
http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms.<br />
• Tax Deduction (<strong>Earthwatch</strong> expeditions, with the exception of Family Teams, are tax-deductible for US<br />
residents only)<br />
• Medical and Evacuation Insurance FAQs and Upgraded Coverage Application (these forms include<br />
important information on both the insurance included in your expedition contribution and upgraded<br />
coverage available to <strong>Earthwatch</strong> participants) *<br />
* In addition to the medical and emergency evacuation insurance included in your expedition contribution,<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> also recommends that participants purchase travel insurance. Optional travel insurance is available<br />
through CSA Travel Protection. See http://www.csatravelprotection.com/?aff=83534816 and<br />
www.earthwatch.org/getinvolved/supportus/shoponline/travelins for more information.<br />
3
THE EXPEDITION<br />
1. PROJECT OVERVIEW<br />
The early history of the Fiji Islands is poorly known, with most people believing legends that have no basis in<br />
fact. Since 1994, Principal Investigator <strong>Patrick</strong> <strong>Nunn</strong> has been working with the Fiji Museum to locate and<br />
excavate the earliest (Lapita-era) human settlements in the Fiji Islands in order to increase and disseminate<br />
knowledge about this important subject. In December 2003, several very early sites (dating from 1100 BC) were<br />
discovered on the Rove Peninsula in southwest Viti Levu Island. The earliest site at Bourewa Beach has been<br />
excavated on six occasions and the research team has recovered about 2,700 pieces of intricately-decorated Lapita<br />
pottery, some extraordinary pieces of shell jewelry, 26 human skeletons, and a piece of obsidian from Papua New<br />
Guinea (2,610 miles away), in addition to large quantities of stone tools and edible shell debris – all dating from<br />
1100-550 BC. With support from <strong>Earthwatch</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>, the 2009 Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong> expeditions will focus on<br />
targeted excavation, survey and analysis at Bourewa and nearby early-period sites on and near the Rove<br />
Peninsula.<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> volunteers will be part of a 20-25-person research team undertaking a variety of tasks including<br />
excavation, field reconnaissance, Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys, cave sediment excavation and<br />
preliminary sample analysis. Large areas in the center of the ancient settlement site at Bourewa will be excavated,<br />
and volunteers are likely to make significant discoveries while digging or sieving. The team will be<br />
accommodated in the traditional Vusama Village, famed for its breezy location and its seafood.<br />
Note: See Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong>: The Research in the appendix of this briefing for information on the research<br />
objectives, methods, and results of this project.<br />
2. RESEARCH AREA<br />
Physical Environment<br />
The Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong> project is based on the Rove Peninsula, which extends off the southwest coast of Viti<br />
Levu Island, approximately an hour’s drive southwest of Nadi. Hardly developed, this scenic area probably looks<br />
much as it did 3,100 years ago when the first people in Fiji arrived there. The southern and eastern sides of the<br />
peninsula are made up of white sand beaches and one of the broadest fringing coral reefs in Fiji. As you travel<br />
across the upraised spine of the peninsula, you will take in the breathtaking view of the golden-brown land<br />
outlined by turquoise reef, with the dark blue of the deep Pacific Ocean beyond. The western side of the<br />
peninsula is fringed by a large and impenetrable mangrove forest that has formed at the mouth of the Tuva River.<br />
The people of the area get much of their seafood from these mangroves, in particular mangrove lobsters and other<br />
shellfish. The open coasts are also very productive, with Vusama people specializing in the collection of sea<br />
grapes, shellfish, octopus and many varieties of fish.<br />
In general the Rove Peninsula is dry and covered with grassland, and there is little forest except in the valley<br />
bottoms. Sugar cane is planted in some areas, while subsistence crops are grown closer to settlements. The area is<br />
quite breezy, which keeps Vusama a bit cooler than other villages and helps reduce the number of mosquitoes.<br />
The terrain is crisscrossed by trails and it is easy to find your way around. There are occasional sinkholes in the<br />
limestone that should be avoided, together with a number of caves in which some survey work has already been<br />
carried out.<br />
4
Cultural Environment<br />
Most of the Rove Peninsula is freehold land, and some is owned by the handful of Indo-Fijian farmers who work<br />
parts of it. The area around Vusama Village is native land (as is 85% of all land in Fiji), owned by the resident<br />
Fijian families of Vusama who also claim traditional title to the entire peninsula. The Indo-Fijians and the Fijians<br />
in this area get along very well, and the research team always makes sure to acknowledge both the legal and the<br />
traditional claims to areas where research is being conducted.<br />
In general, the people of Fiji are polite, helpful, conservative and religious. Everyone in the area speaks English to<br />
some extent, but many villagers are shy about their English speaking skills and are more comfortable speaking<br />
with an individual rather than a group. The research team includes many English speakers who also speak Fijian<br />
and Fiji Hindi fluently, so communication will not present a problem. All children learn English at school and<br />
typically lack the adults’ inhibition in speaking it.<br />
There are a number of village customs and protocols that should be observed, but at the same time the Fijian<br />
people are generally tolerant and understand that foreigners are not always familiar with these; lapses are<br />
tolerated good-naturedly as long as visitors show a willingness to learn and respect the local customs.<br />
Please be aware that gender interactions in rural Fiji are different compared to those in most Western countries. In<br />
particular, males and females have separate and well-defined roles and do not generally mix in social settings.<br />
Volunteers will not be expected to adopt these behaviors, but should be aware that certain interactions may be<br />
misinterpreted. Additionally, talking loudly, swearing, and standing up straight when people are sitting are all<br />
frowned upon. While in the village (not at the research site), it is important that team members cover their legs<br />
and shoulders, especially females. Hats should not be worn in villages, nor should anything be carried on the<br />
shoulder when it could be carried nearer the ground.<br />
The village also has specific protocols regarding houses. For example, there are commonly three doors and only<br />
one of these should be used, at least at first. While there will often be sofas and soft chairs, most people sit on<br />
mats on the floor. You should be able to sit comfortably on the floor for extended periods of time while<br />
socializing and during meal times, either with your legs crossed or tucked behind you. You may wish to bring a<br />
soft cushion to sit on. Even if your hosts insist that you use a chair, please follow their lead and sit on the floor in<br />
order to avoid mistakenly setting up a social hierarchy. Shoes are never worn inside houses and must be left by<br />
the door.<br />
Sundays are rest days, and volunteers are advised to bring one nicer set of clothing in order to attend morning<br />
church. You are encouraged but not required to attend church services, which serve as community get-togethers<br />
in rural Fiji.<br />
Please note that alcohol cannot be consumed anywhere on the Rove Peninsula, and you should be prepared to<br />
go 15 days without it. Any members of the research team (<strong>Earthwatch</strong> volunteers or others) found consuming<br />
alcohol during the expedition will be dismissed at once. However, you will be encouraged to drink kava (or<br />
yaqona), the traditional beverage of Fiji. Kava is made from the pounded roots of a locally grown pepper plant. It<br />
is non-alcoholic, but is a mild soporific and relaxant that is gaining popularity worldwide as a natural stress<br />
reducer. You might experience a slightly numb or tingling tongue from drinking kava, which is also referred to as<br />
“grog” by some locals. There are no restrictions on smoking tobacco, though smokers should be prepared to share<br />
their cigarettes!<br />
5
3. PROJECT STAFF<br />
Principal Investigator<br />
<strong>Patrick</strong> D. <strong>Nunn</strong> has been a Professor of Oceanic Geoscience at the University of the South Pacific (USP) for more<br />
than 12 years. He has also taught at universities in Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the UK and the US.<br />
He has been carrying out research into the geology, geography and archaeology of the Pacific Islands region for<br />
more than 20 years and is the author of more than 180 professional papers and book chapters, and several books<br />
including Oceanic Islands (1994, Blackwell), Environmental Change in the Pacific Basin (1999, Wiley), Climate,<br />
Environment and Society in the Pacific during the Last Millennium (2007, Elsevier), and most recently the popular<br />
Vanished Islands and Hidden Continents of the Pacific (August 2008, University of Hawaii Press). In March 2003,<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong> was awarded the Gregory Medal of the Pacific Science Association for “outstanding service to science in<br />
the Pacific.” He speaks the Fijian language fluently and is well versed in traditional Fijian customs. He has<br />
directed all six phases of geoarchaeological research on the Rove Peninsula.<br />
Field Team Leaders / Deputy Principal Investigators<br />
Roselyn Kumar is a Doctoral Research Fellow in the Pacific <strong>Institute</strong> for Advanced Studies at USP. She has a B.A.<br />
degree in Geography and Earth Sciences and an M.Sc. in Earth Sciences, focused on the mineralogy of ancient<br />
pottery in Fiji and how this can be used to determine areas of pottery manufacture, and thereby trace ancient<br />
migration routes. She has written or co-written 21 professional papers. Kumar is Fijian-Indian by ethnicity and<br />
speaks Fiji Hindi and English fluently. She has worked on 11 geoarchaeological research projects to date,<br />
including all six phases of fieldwork on the Rove Peninsula.<br />
Sepeti Matararaba is Principal Archaeologist at the Fiji Museum and has more than 30 years of field experience in<br />
archaeological research and the collection of oral traditions in Fiji. He has co-authored more than 45 professional<br />
articles and appears regularly on Fiji television and radio discussing Fiji prehistory. He is Fijian by ethnicity and<br />
speaks fluent Fijian and English. He has worked on all six phases of fieldwork on the Rove Peninsula.<br />
Associate Researchers<br />
The researchers listed below will assist with the project in a variety of ways. Their research<br />
specialties/responsibilities are included in parentheses. In addition to these researchers, there will be 6-10<br />
undergraduate and/or graduate students from USP.<br />
• Valerie Campbell, M.Sc., Adjunct Researcher, USP (stone-tool analysis)<br />
• Michael Carson, Ph.D., International Archaeological Research <strong>Institute</strong>, Honolulu (GIS mapping and<br />
archaeology)<br />
• Gennady Gienko, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer in Geographical Information Systems, USP (GPS survey)<br />
• Tomo Ishimura, Ph.D., Researcher, Nara <strong>Institute</strong> for Cultural Properties, Japan (pottery analysis, excavation)<br />
• Ledua Kuilanisautabu, B.A., Graduate Research Assistant, USP (shell analysis)<br />
• Kirti Lal, B.Sc., Graduate Research Assistant, USP (sediments and paleogeography)<br />
• Fred Pearl, Ph.D., Professor of Archaeology, Texas A&M University, Galveston (archaeology and ceramics)<br />
• Kalivati Qolicokota, B.A., Graduate Research Assistant, USP (Fiji history and language)<br />
• Arishma Ram, B.Sc, Graduate Research Assistant, USP (shell analysis)<br />
• Johnson Seeto, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer in Marine Studies, USP (shell and marine bone analysis)<br />
• Lisa-Marie Shillito, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Reading, UK (soil and phytolith analysis)<br />
• Shalni Sanjana (Poonam), B.A., Graduate Research Assistant, USP (shell analysis)<br />
• Mark Stephens, Ph.D., Lecturer in Physical Geography, USP (sediments and geoarchaeology)<br />
• Katherine Szabó, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Australian National University (shell ornament analysis)<br />
• Tammy Tabe, B.A., Graduate Research Assistant, USP (marine archaeology)<br />
• Frank Thomas, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer in Pacific Studies, USP (shell analysis)<br />
• Marianne Turner, Ph.D., Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Auckland (stone tool analysis)<br />
• Amele Vosamosi, B.A., Graduate Research Assistant, USP (geoarchaeology)<br />
6
Other Possible Visiting Scientists<br />
• Ian Campbell, Professor of History, USP (leading Pacific historian and author of Worlds Apart: a history of the<br />
Pacific Islands)<br />
• Paul Geraghty, Professor of Linguistics, USP (leading Pacific Islands linguist and author of the Lonely Planet<br />
Guide to the Fijian Language)<br />
• Peter Rodda, Principal Geologist (retired), Fiji Mineral Resources Department (leading geologist in Fiji)<br />
• Glenn Summerhayes, Professor of Archaeology, University of Otago, New Zealand (leading Pacific Island<br />
archaeologist and author of Lapita Interaction)<br />
Current Staffing Schedule (Subject to Change)<br />
Staff Member Team I Team II Team III<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong> x x x<br />
Kumar x x x<br />
Matararaba x x x<br />
Campbell<br />
x<br />
Carson<br />
x<br />
Gienko x x<br />
Ishimura x x x<br />
Kuilanisautabu x x x<br />
Lal x x x<br />
Pearl x x x<br />
Qolicokota x x x<br />
Seeto<br />
x<br />
Shillito x x<br />
Stephens x x x<br />
Szabó<br />
Tabe<br />
Thomas<br />
Turner<br />
x<br />
Vosamosi x x x<br />
7
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD<br />
4. VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS<br />
On Day 1, the Principal Investigator or one of the Field Team Leaders will meet volunteers and introduce them to<br />
the key aspects of the fieldwork. This will enable team members to get to know one another and there will be<br />
ample opportunity to ask questions at this time. The introduction to the rest of the team and to the people of<br />
Vusama Village will be in a relaxed setting and will be accompanied by a welcome ceremony from the<br />
community.<br />
Each evening the team will meet after dinner in the Vusama Community Hall to review the day’s activities, set<br />
the next day’s tasks, and discuss the project’s progress. This will be a good opportunity to ask questions and<br />
discuss what is happening. Visiting scientists will also be invited to address the group at the evening meetings in<br />
Vusama. These evenings will provide a chance for volunteers to be with the rest of the team while learning more<br />
about the cultural environment and the goals of the project.<br />
Assignments<br />
Volunteer assignments will vary daily depending on the needs of the project, though excavation and<br />
reconnaissance will be the principal tasks throughout the 2009 research season. Volunteers will initially be paired<br />
with a Pacific Island team member who will stay close by for the first day or two in Vusama. In-field analysis will<br />
be conducted throughout the season, though Team I will participate less in this particular task as there will not<br />
yet be much to analyze.<br />
Excavation<br />
A team of 3-5 people will excavate a pit in one of the targeted areas. Team members will take turns digging,<br />
sieving and packaging sampled materials. Training will be provided for laying out and maintaining a squareshaped<br />
pit, sampling by 10-centimeter spit, excavating any large objects of interest that may be encountered,<br />
sieving and recognizing items of interest, and systematically packing found materials. Most volunteers should<br />
expect to spend at least 60% of the time in the field working as part of an excavation team. No previous<br />
experience is required.<br />
Reconnaissance<br />
A team of 3-5 people will collect samples from the ground surface in unexplored areas. Volunteers will initially be<br />
paired with an experienced team member. In-field training will be provided in recognizing pottery shards and<br />
perhaps stone tools and other artifacts on the ground, and also in recognizing particular types of decoration on<br />
pottery shards. You will likely spend at least 10% of your time in the field undertaking this type of<br />
reconnaissance. No previous experience is required.<br />
Preliminary In-Field Analysis in Vusama Village<br />
In-field training will be provided on how to wash and dry samples, distinguish different types of decorated<br />
pottery and pot rims, and recognize and measure particular shell pieces and stone tools. Selected volunteers from<br />
Team I can expect to spend no more than 10% of their time on this task (there will not be enough material to work<br />
with at this early stage). Most volunteers on Teams II and III can expect to spend at least 15-25% of their time on<br />
this task. Previous experience is not essential, although volunteers with artistic skills would be able to sketch<br />
artifacts and decorated potsherds.<br />
8
GPS / GIS Survey<br />
Surveys using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global Information System (GIS) technology involve<br />
working as part of a specialist survey team. In-field training will be provided as necessary, but not all volunteers<br />
will be assigned to this task.<br />
Cave Sediment Excavation<br />
In-field training will be provided to volunteers on how to collect core samples and excavate a nearby cave. Not all<br />
volunteers will be assigned to this task. No previous experience is needed.<br />
Cultural Training and Advice<br />
As part of the research team, you should expect to be involved in ceremonies in Vusama Village, particularly at<br />
the start and end of the expedition. This will involve the ritual presentation of isevusevu (a welcome gift presented<br />
to the village chief, usually a bundle of kava root) by a research team member, and the reciprocation by the<br />
Vusama people with a bowl of kava. Volunteers are highly encouraged to drink at least the first bowl of kava as<br />
an acceptance to being welcomed into the village. Team members will guide volunteers through this ritual. A<br />
similar presentation will be made at the end of the team’s stay. The Indo-Fijian families who live close to the<br />
research sites may also expect to meet volunteers when they arrive in the field for the first time, and will perhaps<br />
serve a cup of sweet spicy tea. This should also be accepted.<br />
Please understand and appreciate that nothing happens quickly in rural Fiji, and impatience is considered rude.<br />
Remember that you will be on “Fiji time.” Team members from the Pacific Islands will guide volunteers in this<br />
regard, but sometimes the day-to-day achievement of particular goals is made impossible by the need to simply<br />
sit down and chat with local people. The success of the project is directly linked to a healthy, positive relationship<br />
between the researchers and the local people, and <strong>Earthwatch</strong> volunteers are expected to act as valuable<br />
ambassadors in strengthening this relationship.<br />
Please see Section 2 ‘Research Area’ for more information on Fijian customs and protocols.<br />
5. TEAM ITINERARY<br />
Day 1 (Sunday)<br />
You should plan to arrive in Fiji at least one day prior to the first day of the expedition in order to rest and<br />
adjust to the local time. The Principal Investigator and/or Field Team Leaders will meet you at 10:00 am on Day<br />
1. After introductions and the purchase of any last-minute supplies, a hired bus will take the team to Vusama<br />
Village for the welcoming ceremony and lunch. The team will spend the afternoon settling in and possibly<br />
playing volleyball, swimming in the ocean, etc. A briefing session on the project will be held in the evening.<br />
Days 2-7 (Monday-Saturday)<br />
The team will conduct fieldwork at sites throughout the Rove Peninsula from approximately 8:30 am to 5:30 pm.<br />
The team will take an hour-long lunch break at mid-day to eat packed lunches in the field. After dinner on most<br />
evenings the team will participate in a discussion. On Saturday evening the team will relax and socialize in the<br />
village.<br />
Day 8 (Sunday)<br />
The entire village attends church from 10:30 am until 11:45 am each Sunday. Volunteers are not required to attend<br />
but most will want to join this community event. After a large lunch, the team will visit Natadola Beach (rated the<br />
10 th most beautiful beach in the world) or another lovely beach, with optional volleyball and ocean swimming<br />
available. The evening will include a project briefing.<br />
9
Days 9-14 (Monday-Saturday)<br />
These days will be similar to Days 2-7. On Saturday there will be a farewell party (with traditional dancing) for<br />
volunteers.<br />
Day 15 (Sunday)<br />
Volunteers will travel by bus from Vusama to the Hotel Mercure or airport in Nadi, arriving at about 9:30 am.<br />
Those wishing to extend their stay in Fiji must make their own arrangements.<br />
6. DAILY SCHEDULE AND TASKS<br />
Please be aware that schedules can and do fluctuate due to weather, research needs, etc. Your cooperation and<br />
understanding are appreciated. Below is a typical schedule.<br />
6:30 am: Wake up, wash and dress<br />
7:15 am: Communal breakfast in Vusama Community Hall<br />
7:45 am: Prepare for fieldwork and gather supplies for the day<br />
8:00 am: Leave Vusama to walk/drive to the field site (typical journey is about 10 minutes and volunteers<br />
will be expected to help carry equipment and set it up)<br />
8:30 am: Begin fieldwork<br />
12:30 pm: Lunch and rest<br />
1:30 pm: Resume fieldwork<br />
5:00 pm: Finish fieldwork and leave for Vusama (volunteers will be expected to help carry, store and clean<br />
equipment)<br />
5:15 pm: Afternoon tea and cakes in Vusama Community Hall<br />
5:50 pm: Return to rooms in Vusama, wash and relax<br />
7:30 pm: Communal dinner in Vusama Community Hall<br />
8:30 pm: Team discussion and briefing in Vusama Community Hall<br />
10:00 pm: Sleep<br />
7. ACCOMMODATIONS<br />
During the expedition you will stay in Vusama Village, most likely in the home of a village family. Generally, two<br />
volunteers of the same gender will share a bedroom with two beds with thin foam mattresses, stiff foam pillows,<br />
sheets, blankets, mosquito nets and space on the floor for your luggage. Married couples can request a single<br />
room at no extra charge, but this cannot be guaranteed. Private rooms for individuals may beavailable. If<br />
necessary, some younger male volunteers may sleep on mattresses (provided) in the Vusama Community Hall,<br />
sharing the hall with up to five other male members of the research team. There are no extra or reduced costs for<br />
particular types of accommodation.<br />
Due to the conservative climate in the village, it will not be possible for homosexual couples or couples who are<br />
unmarried to be housed together. Please understand that this does not reflect the views of <strong>Earthwatch</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> or<br />
of the Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong> project staff. Volunteers are asked to respect the cultural beliefs and customs of the<br />
villagers.<br />
You will be briefed on Fijian traditions and expected behavior in the village homes. While you will have free use<br />
of the family room(s) in the house, please be advised of the Fijian tradition of sitting on the floor. Furniture is<br />
often in Fijian homes but <strong>Earthwatch</strong> participants will generally be expected to not sit on the chairs or sofas, even<br />
if asked, because doing so would imply that one is superior to those sitting on the floor. Families would<br />
10
appreciate volunteers offering to help with household chores. If you accept an offer to have your laundry done,<br />
be prepared to pay about US$15 per week for this.<br />
Most houses in Vusama have outside bathing facilities which consist of a brick-walled or iron-sided cubicle with a<br />
bucket that can be filled with water from the well. Hot water will not be readily available, but the weather is so<br />
warm in January-February (summer in Fiji) that it is not usually necessary. There are no flush toilets. Generally<br />
pit toilets contained in small cubicles of corrugated iron are located 20 yards or so from houses. Toilet paper is not<br />
usually supplied so you are advised to bring some with you.<br />
Vusama has electricity and some (but certainly not all) homes have modern amenities such as televisions,<br />
although electric outlets are not abundant. Villagers are conscious of electricity costs so it should only be used<br />
sparingly (e.g. for charging phones and camera batteries). The voltage (240) and plugs are the same as used in<br />
Australia and New Zealand; you are advised to bring surge protectors and adapters with you.<br />
In general, Vusama is a clean, well-run village but its standard of cleanliness may still be below what you’re<br />
accustomed to. Cockroaches are occasionally seen, and you should keep any food in an airtight container in your<br />
bag. Geckoes (small lizards) are found in every house, but these are harmless. Mosquitoes may be an annoyance,<br />
especially on calm nights, but mosquito nets are available and mosquito coils can be purchased in the nearest<br />
shop (about 10 minutes’ drive from the village).<br />
On a typical research day, volunteers will travel from the houses in Vusama to the research site in the back of a<br />
small pickup truck. There will be bench seats in the back of the truck with a canopy overhead and the journey is<br />
typically 10 minutes each way.<br />
8. FOOD<br />
Most people consider the food provided during this expedition to be delicious and highly varied. Villagers will<br />
prepare breakfasts and dinners for the team, served in the Vusama Community Hall. Afternoon tea will be served<br />
at 5:15 pm in the hall. Most dinners involve a range of seafood served in different ways, with vegetables and root<br />
crops. Please note that meals are served on a low table (approximately four inches off the floor) and volunteers<br />
and staff will sit cross-legged on the floor while eating. The villagers will also prepare lunches for the team to take<br />
and eat in the field during research days.<br />
Vegetarian diets can be accommodated. Milk and butter are generally absent from meals (they are expensive), as<br />
are a range of Western foods. Tea (without milk) will be served frequently. Sunday lunch is generally a feast,<br />
while Sunday dinner is lighter than normal. Refrigeration is largely non-existent in the village, although one or<br />
two private homes have small refrigerators.<br />
There are two shops near Vusama that sell a very limited range of products. You may not have access to any<br />
other shops during the expedition. Therefore, you may want to bring an airtight container to fill with your<br />
favorite snacks before leaving for Vusama. Smokers might want to purchase duty-free tobacco, but be prepared to<br />
be asked for cigarettes; most males in Vusama smoke.<br />
11
Below are examples of the foods you might expect during your expedition. Please bear in mind that variety<br />
depends on availability. This list is intended to provide a general idea of food types, but it is very important that<br />
volunteers be flexible.<br />
Breakfast: Cakes, scones, pancakes, jam, papaya, bananas<br />
Lunch: Sandwiches, curry-filled pancakes, cassava, fried fish<br />
Dinner: Various seafood and vegetable dishes, and other dishes (perhaps sausages, rice or noodles) with<br />
root crops like taro, yams, and cassava<br />
Afternoon tea: Tea (without milk), scones, custard pie<br />
Snacks: Bring your own (be sure to keep in an airtight container); other team members will bring their<br />
own snacks to share as well, such as packets of biscuits/cookies (Fiji is home to several biscuit<br />
manufacturers) or Indian savories like mixed bhuja or beans/peas<br />
Beverages: Fruit juice, tea (coffee is not available, but you can bring a jar with you and make it at breakfast if<br />
you wish), water from the village water tank*<br />
*Each day you will be provided with treated water from the village’s new water tank. This water has a slight taste<br />
that volunteers may not be accustomed to, so you may wish to bring powdered drink mixes to conceal the taste.<br />
The team will also stop on the way to the field site at the start of the expedition if you would prefer to purchase a<br />
carton of Fiji Water (US$0.80 per liter) for your stay in the village. It is important to stay hydrated. The<br />
recommended minimum for the two-week expedition is 20 liters per person.<br />
Special Dietary Requirements<br />
Please alert your <strong>Earthwatch</strong> Expedition Coordinator to any special dietary requirements as soon as possible (e.g.<br />
diabetic, lactose intolerant, etc.). Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to<br />
availability, location and local conditions.<br />
Special note to vegans and strict vegetarians: While vegetable dishes are generally available for every main<br />
meal, please be aware that it is often difficult to accommodate strict vegetarians and vegans. Advance notice will<br />
enable the team to better meet your needs, so please alert your <strong>Earthwatch</strong> Expedition Coordinator at least two<br />
weeks prior to your expedition. It may be possible to get meatless meals but vegans and strict vegetarians may<br />
have a problem avoiding animal products altogether. If this poses a problem, then participation on this<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> expedition should be seriously reconsidered.<br />
12
TRAVEL PLANNING<br />
9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE<br />
Note: <strong>Earthwatch</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>’s international travel insurance company, International SOS, has a wealth of useful<br />
information available at their website, including visa, passport, currency, medical, etc. information for the<br />
country in which this project takes place. See www.internationalsos.com and enter <strong>Earthwatch</strong>’s member<br />
identification number: 14ACPA000075. Under “Select Resource” choose “English Country Guide,” and then select<br />
this project’s country from the list. For a listing of other useful websites for passport and visa requirements, see<br />
Section 17 ‘Helpful Resources.’<br />
Entry Requirements for Fiji<br />
Most volunteers traveling from outside Fiji will require a passport valid for at least six months beyond the dates<br />
of travel. You may wish to register your travel dates with your nation’s embassy in Fiji. US citizens can register<br />
online at www.travel.state.gov. UK Citizens can register online at www.fco.gov.uk. Citizens of other countries<br />
should check with their own national diplomatic agencies for more information.<br />
Entry visas are not required for citizens of most countries including the US, the EU, Japan, and Australia for stays<br />
of less than four months. Citizens of other countries are advised to consult with their travel agent. If you do need<br />
a visa, the chart below should be helpful.<br />
Essential Information for Volunteers Requiring Visas<br />
Type of Visa<br />
Where to Get<br />
a Visa<br />
Required<br />
Information<br />
Cost of a<br />
Visa<br />
You must get a TOURIST VISA.<br />
Contact the nearest Fiji Embassy or Consulate to find out how to apply for your visa. Please<br />
note that this process can take weeks or more. If you have less than six weeks or wish to save<br />
yourself trouble, we strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both expedite and<br />
simplify the process.<br />
You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a Visa<br />
Application and Immigration Form, 2-4 passport-size photos plus payment to the embassy or<br />
visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least six months<br />
beyond your stay.<br />
Generally between US$40-100, but varies from country to country and can potentially cost up to<br />
US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee depending on the amount of time it takes to<br />
process the application.<br />
Reminder: The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday or travel. Foreign immigration officials do not<br />
always understand the concept of a “working vacation” or even “volunteering.” Words such as<br />
“working”/”volunteering,” “research” or a “scientific expedition” can raise questions concerning the country’s<br />
foreign labor laws and/or prompt questions about official scientific research permits and credentials, etc., to<br />
which volunteers on their own will not be equipped to respond. All required research permits for the project are<br />
in place and have been approved by the proper authorities.<br />
Travel Advisory<br />
In December 2006 Fiji underwent its fourth coup since 1987. Since that time, the situation in Fiji has been calm and<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> has been monitoring the security status closely via State Department/ Foreign Office advisories as<br />
well as via consultation with risk assessors. Travel advisories indicate that travel can continue to Fiji although it<br />
should be considered carefully due to the fact that there is always a possibility that the security situation could<br />
destabilize until an elected government is put into power. <strong>Earthwatch</strong> will continue to monitor this situation very<br />
13
closely and in the event that the security deteriorates, <strong>Earthwatch</strong> will take appropriate action, including the<br />
possibility of terminating the teams. Because of this possibility of team termination, volunteers are advised to<br />
purchase travel insurance and book refundable tickets or on an airline that has a low change fee (e.g. Air<br />
Pacific or Qantas). Visitors to Fiji are advised to avoid any protests or demonstrations that might occur in the<br />
cities.<br />
Travel Medical Insurance<br />
Travel medical and evacuation insurance is mandatory for <strong>Earthwatch</strong> volunteers while on an <strong>Earthwatch</strong><br />
expedition anywhere in the world. The cost of this insurance is included in your volunteer contribution. It covers<br />
volunteer travel medical risk, including medical expenses and medical evacuation, while traveling with<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> overseas or on an expedition within your home country. Without insurance, the costs of such<br />
measures can range from US$20,000 to $50,000.<br />
The emergency medical and evacuation assistance provider for <strong>Earthwatch</strong> is On Call International. On Call is a<br />
24-hour international operation which provides medical assistance and evacuation, a 24-hour nurse help line and<br />
other travel assistance services such as lost baggage and lost document assistance.<br />
Basic coverage is valid in the country of your <strong>Earthwatch</strong> expedition and during international travel to and from<br />
your expedition. If the expedition takes place in your home country, coverage begins when your group forms for<br />
the expedition and ends when the group disbands, and is incremental to your existing health insurance. Options<br />
are available for volunteers who would like to extend the period of coverage, increase insurance amounts or<br />
purchase additional cancellation or baggage insurance. Application forms for additional coverage are included in<br />
your volunteer packet.<br />
A detailed description of the Volunteer Medical and Evacuation Insurance Program policy, including the optional<br />
coverage increases, will be sent with this briefing. Please note that policies are specific to each <strong>Earthwatch</strong><br />
office.<br />
To contact On Call International in the event of an emergency, dial:<br />
• 1-866-509-7715 from within the US<br />
• +1-603-898-9159 from outside the US<br />
State that you are on an <strong>Earthwatch</strong> expedition. The <strong>Earthwatch</strong> policy number is #US008020.<br />
Cancellation Insurance<br />
Trip cancellation insurance is highly recommended for <strong>Earthwatch</strong> volunteers. Depending on the level of<br />
coverage you purchase, cancellation insurance will help cover your airfare and <strong>Earthwatch</strong> contribution if<br />
you need to cancel your expedition due to medical or other covered reasons. <strong>Earthwatch</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> does not<br />
reimburse airfare or costs associated with cancelled flights or expeditions. Levels of reimbursement for cancelled<br />
airline tickets or ticket change fees will vary depending on what type of trip cancellation policy you purchase.<br />
You are strongly advised to buy flexible or refundable plane tickets. Note that volunteers with preexisting<br />
medical conditions are encouraged to explore their coverage options.<br />
For US and Canadian Volunteers<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> is offering comprehensive optional travel insurance through CSA Travel Protection as a service to our<br />
US and Canadian volunteers. While our inclusive insurance covers your emergency medical needs while in the<br />
field, this optional policy covers trip cancellation insurance due to medical emergencies, lost luggage, travel<br />
delays, etc. For more information on the insurance policy, call <strong>Earthwatch</strong> at 1‐800‐776‐0188 or visit<br />
www.csatravelprotection.com. Please note that some coverage is dependent on purchasing insurance within 24<br />
hours of paying in full for your expedition. Should you decide to take out our optional insurance, please use the<br />
following producer code to indicate your affiliation with <strong>Earthwatch</strong>: 83534816.<br />
14
For Volunteers Signing Up through <strong>Earthwatch</strong> Europe<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> Europe volunteers can purchase travel insurance from <strong>Earthwatch</strong> that is underwritten by Endsleigh<br />
and includes Additional Cancellation Cover. Additional Cancellation Cover insurance includes cover for nonrefundable<br />
travel expenses should your expedition be cancelled. Alternatively, if <strong>Earthwatch</strong> Europe volunteers<br />
hold their own travel insurance they may be able to purchase Additional Cancellation Cover through their<br />
existing insurer.<br />
Travel Agencies<br />
Contact your local travel agent or use the web to find the lowest rates to make your travel arrangements. A list of<br />
suggested travel agents can be found in Section 17 ‘Helpful Resources.’ Be sure to give your rendezvous details to<br />
your travel agent as soon as possible so they can plan your trip accordingly.<br />
Other Advice / Information<br />
• Time zone: GMT +12<br />
• Electricity: 240 volts, 50 Hz, two- or three-pin plugs (Type I, as used in Australia<br />
and New Zealand)<br />
• Language: Most people in Fiji speak English, but you may need to speak more slowly and enunciate more<br />
clearly than you are accustomed to. Almost everyone in Fiji speaks the standard Fijian language (Bauan)<br />
and/or Fiji Hindi. The people of Vusama commonly speak all three plus their own Fijian dialect (Nadroga).<br />
• Telephone dialing codes: When calling Fiji from another country, dial the country’s international dial-out code,<br />
followed by 679 and the number. When calling within Fiji, omit the 679 and dial the seven-digit telephone<br />
number only. When calling another country from Fiji, dial 00, followed by the other country’s country code<br />
and the number.<br />
• Currency exchange: See the International SOS website (above) and www.xe.com/ucc for currency information<br />
and exchange rates. Fiji dollars are available for exchange at airports where there are flights to Fiji, and in the<br />
arrivals hall at Nadi International Airport. Hotels will exchange small amounts of common foreign currency<br />
but the rates are generally less favorable than at banks. Fiji dollars can be withdrawn from cash<br />
machines/ATMs throughout the cities and at the airport. ATMs will not be accessible at the field site.<br />
• Personal funds: You may wish to have around 200 Fiji dollars for unforeseen circumstances, although the<br />
closest village shops are very limited and you may not have access to other shops while in the field. Any extra<br />
snacks should be purchased on or before Day 1. Traveler’s checks and credit cards are accepted in many<br />
shops in larger towns such as Nadi. ATMs accepting international credit cards are available in several places<br />
in Nadi and at the airport. It will NOT be possible to access ATMs or banks while in the field. Tipping is not<br />
customary in Fiji.<br />
15
10. PROJECT CONDITIONS<br />
Please show this section to your physician when he/she is completing your health statement. Be sure to discuss inoculation<br />
requirements with your physician well in advance of your departure date. See Section 11 ‘Health Information’ for inoculation<br />
information.<br />
To the examining physician:<br />
Your patient has volunteered to join a field research team that has specific physical demands of which you and<br />
your patient should be aware. We need your accurate evaluation of your patient’s ability to meet the conditions<br />
detailed below in order to safeguard his/her health and safety and ensure that he/she can participate fully and<br />
effectively.<br />
General Conditions of the Research Site<br />
The altitude of the research area ranges from sea level to 50 feet/15 meters. It is likely to be hot and humid at this<br />
time of year. There won’t be much shade, though excavation will be carried out beneath tarps. Dehydration is<br />
possible, and frequent rest and constant hydration are extremely important. It is critical that you bring a broadbrimmed<br />
hat to keep the sun off your head as well as high-factor sun block to prevent burning. Sunglasses are<br />
also strongly recommended.<br />
Cyclones very rarely hit the south coast of Viti Levu Island, where the Rove Peninsula is located, but the teams do<br />
operate during Fiji’s cyclone season (November to April). Should a cyclone or tropical storm develop, fieldwork<br />
will stop temporarily and the team will gather in the Vusama Community Hall to wait it out. It is imperative that<br />
volunteers remain indoors and follow all instructions from project staff.<br />
January/February Conditions<br />
Humidity 70% to 85%<br />
Temperature range 75°F/24°C to 95°F/35°C<br />
Rainfall 0-10 in/0-25 cm per month<br />
Physical Demands<br />
Volunteers of differing physical abilities can be accommodated within most research activities. It will be<br />
necessary to carry some equipment and supplies, but this is a shared task and there is no minimum requirement.<br />
On most excavation days, volunteers will walk no more than about 0.5 miles as the team will be working at a<br />
fixed location. However, during the survey and surface collection (reconnaissance) activities, you may choose to<br />
walk up to five miles a day (optional). During excavation, volunteers will be required to take turns excavating<br />
(generally using a small trowel) as well as filling buckets with soil, lifting and pouring them onto the sieves and<br />
shaking the sieves. In addition to the project’s physical demands, you should also be psychologically prepared to<br />
experience a culture very different from your own. Most foreign visitors to Fiji cope very well with this, find it<br />
interesting and stimulating, and end up having a fulfilling experience that stays with them for a lifetime.<br />
Below are the expected demands of the project, but please keep in mind that conditions may change and the<br />
project could potentially be more or less strenuous than the chart indicates.<br />
Activity Workload/Intensity<br />
Sitting/Digging 0-6 hours per day on 12 days<br />
Bending/Sieving 1-7 hours per day on 10 days<br />
Walking 0-7 hours per day on 4 days<br />
Carrying Light backpack while walking for 0-7 hours per day on 4 days; project equipment (however<br />
much you can manage) for 30 minutes per day on 12 days<br />
16
Potential Hazards<br />
Hazard Type<br />
Transportation<br />
Terrain<br />
Animals/<br />
Plants<br />
Climate/<br />
Weather<br />
Personal<br />
security<br />
Project tasks/<br />
equipment<br />
Diseases and<br />
health risks<br />
Associated Risks and Precautions<br />
Vehicles drive on the left side of the road in Fiji. Paved roads are well maintained and<br />
regulated. The project will use a reputable rental company and drivers for the bus ride from<br />
Nadi to the project site. Seatbelts should be worn at all times per Fiji law. While in the field,<br />
project and village vehicles (usually a small pickup truck fitted with bench seats in the back<br />
and a canopy overhead) will be used to transport volunteers between the village and the<br />
research site along dirt roads, traveling no more than 10 miles per hour for typically 10<br />
minutes each way.<br />
The terrain is rough but reasonably easy to cross. Sprains, scratches, bruises, etc. are possible<br />
but can be minimized by following onsite safety procedures, particularly by walking slowly<br />
and carefully and wearing long pants. You should wear shoes at all times to avoid cutting your<br />
feet on shells and other sharp. Be sure to wash and apply an antibiotic cream to any cuts. When<br />
walking through the bush, beware of sinkholes in bedrock terrain. Barbed wire surrounds the<br />
Bourewa dig site and many farmers’ fields – cross it with great care and ask for help if you<br />
need it. Do not break down fences or leave gates open. A flashlight or headlamp is highly<br />
recommended for nighttime toilet visits. When crossing excavation areas, watch for ropes<br />
holding up tarps, guide wires for pits, and the pits themselves. Never jump into pits, and<br />
always be careful when getting out that you do not collapse the pit sides. Ask for a helping<br />
hand if necessary.<br />
There are no venomous snakes or other animals in the research area. Mosquitoes and hornets<br />
may be a problem in thick bush. Bring insect repellent and appropriate medications for<br />
potential allergic reactions to insects or plants (at least two Epi-pens, antihistamines, etc.).<br />
Scratches from sugarcane stalks are likely but can be minimized by wearing long pants.<br />
Do not expose yourself to the sun unnecessarily. Always wear a broad-brimmed hat when<br />
working in the sun and use ample high-factor sunscreen, reapplying frequently. You may also<br />
wish to bring a cream for relieving sunburn. Dehydration can be a significant issue, so be sure<br />
to drink plenty of water every day, particularly during fieldwork.<br />
Theft is not generally a concern in Vusama, although you should take sensible precautions and<br />
leave any unnecessary valuables at home. Walking alone in Fiji’s urban centers at night is not<br />
recommended as pick-pocketing and muggings do occasionally occur. Travel in groups and by<br />
taxi in urban areas at night; only choose official taxis with yellow registration plates.<br />
Follow proper procedures when using equipment, as instructed by the project staff. In order to<br />
protect personal electrical equipment from damage, power surge protectors and voltage<br />
adaptors are necessary.<br />
Vusama’s well water may cause stomach upsets (including diarrhea) for some people.<br />
Ultraviolet light (UV) treated water will be provided but has a slight taste (see Section 8 ‘Food’).<br />
Bring some medication such as Imodium (loperamide) or lomotil in case of traveler’s diarrhea.<br />
Adequate fluid intake is essential. Always wash your hands before eating and wear footwear<br />
at all times to avoid bacteria, disease and infection. Dengue fever is found in Fiji; it is a virus<br />
spread by day-biting mosquitoes and precautions such as wearing insect repellent should be<br />
practiced. Other diseases that may be found in Fiji include eosinophilic meningitis, hepatitis,<br />
HIV/AIDS, leptospirosis, and typhoid. Please see Section 11 ‘Health Information’ for inoculation<br />
recommendations and health advice.<br />
Medical Conditions of Special Concern<br />
Though the expedition will not be particularly physically strenuous, volunteers should be reasonably fit and<br />
healthy. You should be able to comfortably sit on the floor (cross-legged or kneeling with your feet tucked behind<br />
you) for extended periods during meals and social events (the welcome ceremony, chatting with village residents,<br />
etc.). People with limited flexibility, knee problems and/or bad backs may find this difficult. Though the team<br />
will eat a good deal of seafood, those with seafood allergies can be accommodated.<br />
17
11. HEALTH INFORMATION<br />
See www.internationalsos.com for information on the current health conditions in Fiji. At the homepage, enter<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong>’s member identification number: 14ACPA000075. Under “Select Resource” choose “English Country<br />
Guide,” and then select Fiji from the list.<br />
Routine Immunizations<br />
All volunteers should make sure to have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis,<br />
tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and varicella (if you have not already had chicken pox). Please<br />
be sure your tetanus shot is current.<br />
Project Inoculations<br />
The following are recommendations only. Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer. Note that<br />
health conditions around the world are constantly changing, so keep informed and consult your physician, a local<br />
travel health clinic, the US Center for Disease Control (www.cdc.gov), the World Health Organization<br />
(www.who.int), International SOS (see above), and/or the resources in Section 17 ‘Helpful Resources’ for the latest<br />
health information for travelers. Please consult your physician for guidance on inoculations if you intend to travel<br />
to other parts of the country.<br />
Typhoid<br />
Hepatitis A These inoculations are recommended for health reasons.<br />
Hepatitis B<br />
Yellow Fever A vaccination certificate is required from travelers over a year of age entering Fiji within 10<br />
days of an overnight or longer stay in an infected area. Otherwise inoculation is not necessary.<br />
Other Advice / Information<br />
• Dengue fever: Dengue fever is a flu-like virus spread primarily by day-biting mosquitoes. It is characterized by<br />
fever, headache, rash, vomiting and severe muscle pains. There is no vaccine and mosquito bites should be<br />
avoided whenever possible. Insect repellent and long sleeves and pants are highly recommended. There is no<br />
treatment for standard dengue fever other than acetaminophen (avoid aspirin), fluids and rest. It is usually<br />
resolved after about two weeks. However, hemorrhagic dengue fever, characterized by bleeding and shock,<br />
can occasionally occur and requires medical care.<br />
• Traveler’s diarrhea: Traveler’s diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness. It usually occurs within the<br />
first week away from home and affects 20-50% of all those who go abroad. Travelers are especially likely to<br />
become ill at high-risk destinations such as developing nations; the risk in Fiji is considered moderate.<br />
Traveler’s diarrhea is mainly caused by the bacterium E coli, which is spread through contaminated food and<br />
water. Other bacteria, especially salmonella, shigella and campylobacter, account for an additional 5-30% of<br />
all cases. Viruses, such as rotavirus and clacivirus, and parasites are other common causes. Choosing safe<br />
food and water will reduce the risk of developing the disease. It is important to treat traveler’s diarrhea by<br />
replacing lost fluids. Continuously sip clear fluids such as water, soft drinks or weak tea. Avoid dairy<br />
products, alcohol and coffee. Most cases of traveler’s diarrhea will resolve in one or two days. Occasionally,<br />
intravenous rehydration is required, especially if there has been significant vomiting or<br />
extreme diarrhea.Medical attention should be sought if there is no improvement after 24-36 hours or if the<br />
patient develops fever, bloody stools or becomes lightheaded or dizzy.<br />
• Tuberculosis: The WHO estimates that one-third of the world’s population is infected with the bacterium<br />
(M.tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis (TB). Incidence of tuberculosis is higher in developing countries,<br />
particularly in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America. In general, approximately 10% of persons<br />
infected with M. tuberculosis are at risk for developing active TB during their lifetimes. TB is considered<br />
highly treatable with medications that are of relatively low toxicity and cost. Volunteers returning from<br />
developing countries are encouraged to have a (PPD)-tuberculin skin-test to screen for potential infection.<br />
18
12. PACKING CONSIDERATIONS<br />
PLEASE SEE THE PACKING CHECKLIST AT THE BACK OF THIS BRIEFING AND REMEMBER TO TAKE<br />
YOUR BRIEFING WITH YOU ON YOUR EXPEDITION.<br />
General Considerations<br />
Note: Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits,<br />
liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc.<br />
Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. A large soft-sided bag or backpack is<br />
recommended. You should also bring a small backpack to carry a hat, sunscreen, water, toilet paper (buy a fourpack<br />
in advance), etc. into the field each day. You are advised to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal<br />
essentials in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost and/or takes several days to catch up with you.<br />
You can expect to get dirty during fieldwork, so bring inexpensive clothing and shoes! A pair of slip-on sandals<br />
(such as flip-flops, used commonly throughout Fiji) would be good to wear in the village. A pair of<br />
sneakers/trainers or more solid boots would be good for fieldwork, although flip-flops are best for excavating<br />
and sieving. Flip-flops cost no more than $10 Fiji dollars in Nadi. If you bring a pair of shoes that look quite<br />
common, you may want to write your name on them with permanent marker, as shoes are left outside the village<br />
homes and community hall before entering. If you plan to attend church on Sunday morning, please bring a nicer<br />
set of clothing. For men, this should consist of a shirt and long pants, while women should bring a knee-length or<br />
longer skirt or dress with covered shoulders. It is suggested that you have a waterproof case or sealable plastic<br />
bag(s) for your camera and other electronics to protect against moisture, as well as a tight-seal container (e.g.<br />
Tupperware) for any food you might bring into the field. Although the water is the village is potable, you may<br />
also wish to invest in a carton of Fiji Water (write your name on the carton) while in Nadi before going to the<br />
field.<br />
Weather Considerations<br />
Please take weather conditions into consideration when packing for your expedition. Climate information can be<br />
found in Section 10 ‘Project Conditions.’ For all teams, the weather is likely to be hot and humid. Loose-fitting<br />
clothing, preferably 100% cotton, is recommended. Your legs are likely to get scratched if you wear short pants in<br />
the field, but it may be worth it to you to stay cool. A broad-brimmed hat and sunscreen are essential and a<br />
waterproof jacket is recommended.<br />
Cultural Considerations<br />
Once onsite, you will be briefed on appropriate behavior, clothing, etc. In Vusama Village, clothing that reveals<br />
more of you than is absolutely necessary for your comfort is inappropriate. All volunteers should avoid exposing<br />
shoulders or legs above the knees in Vusama. These restrictions do not apply at the field site, where comfort is the<br />
main consideration. Hats should not be worn in the village, but are essential for fieldwork. In addition, all<br />
volunteers should have at least one wrap-around sulu (or lavalava, a type of sarong) to wear in the village. These<br />
can be purchased in Nadi for no more than $15 Fiji dollars each (if you are asked for more, go to another shop!).<br />
Western-style bathing suits are not entirely appropriate, but can be worn on Sunday afternoon visits to the beach.<br />
Your host family in Vusama would appreciate a small gift from you at the end of your visit, perhaps a pair of<br />
extra large large t-shirts or towels advertising your home country/region or a hanging decoration or calendar for<br />
their house, but NOT alcohol or tobacco. Give the gifts when you leave, not when you arrive. If your host family<br />
does your laundry, you should give them about US$15 per week in local currency when you leave. It is not<br />
appropriate to give extra money. When you return home, it would be nice to send back any photographs you<br />
may have taken during your stay.<br />
19
Essential Items<br />
Make sure to bring your <strong>Earthwatch</strong> Expedition Briefing with you! It includes essential information to which<br />
you may need to refer during your expedition, as well as during your journey to and from the rendezvous site.<br />
Please see the Expedition Packing Checklist for a complete list of what you will need to take with you. You are<br />
encouraged to go through the list and mark off each required item right before you leave for your expedition.<br />
13. RECOMMENDED READING<br />
Please read Fiji’s <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Seafarers</strong>: The Research in the appendix of this briefing. This document was prepared<br />
by the Principal Investigator and <strong>Earthwatch</strong> and explains the research conducted through this project as well as<br />
some results to date. Below are additional recommended materials for those interested in further preparing for<br />
the expedition. Many can be purchased online through popular vendors. See Section 17 ‘Helpful Resources’ for<br />
suggested vendor websites.<br />
Scientific Media<br />
• <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Kumar, R., Matararaba, S. and Ishimura, T. 2006. The earliest human settlement in the Fiji<br />
Islands. Domodomo (Journal of the Fiji Museum), 19, 27-33.<br />
• Kumar, R., <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. and Dickinson, W.R. 2004. The emerging pattern of earliest human settlement in Fiji:<br />
four new Lapita sites on Viti Levu Island. Archaeology in New Zealand, 47, 108-117 (note that this is the first<br />
report of Lapita on the Rove Peninsula and was made before the Bourewa site was discovered).<br />
• <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Kumar, R., Matararaba, S., Ishimura, T., Seeto, J., Rayawa, S., Kuruyawa, S., Nasila, A., Oloni, B.,<br />
Rati Ram, A., Saunivalu, P., Singh, P. and Tegu, E. 2004. Early Lapita settlement site at Bourewa, southwest<br />
Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Archaeology in Oceania, 39, 139-143 (this was the first report of the Bourewa site).<br />
• <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Pene, C., Matararaba, S., Kumar, R., Singh, P., <strong>Dr</strong>edregasa, I., Gwilliam, M., Heorake, T.,<br />
Kuilanisautabu, L., Nakoro, E., Narayan, L., Pastorizo, M.R., Robinson, S., Saunivalu, P. and Tamani, F. 2005.<br />
Human occupations of caves of the Rove Peninsula, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji. South Pacific Journal of<br />
Natural Science, 23, 16-23.<br />
Links to these articles as well as reviews and content lists for most of <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Patrick</strong> <strong>Nunn</strong>’s books may be available<br />
on his webpage at http://www.usp.ac.fj/index.php?id=2486.<br />
Popular Media<br />
To get the most from your experience, you are encouraged to read one of the two following books about the<br />
history of the Pacific Islands:<br />
• Campbell, I.C. 2003. Worlds Apart: a history of the Pacific Islands. Revised edition. Canterbury University Press,<br />
Christchurch.<br />
• Howe, K.R. 2001. Where the Waves Fall: a new South Seas history from first settlement to colonial rule. University of<br />
Hawaii Press, Honolulu.<br />
Glancing through one of the following books, which discuss the regional context of the research, would also add<br />
to the experience:<br />
• Howe, K.R. 2003. The Quest for Origins: who first discovered New Zealand and the Pacific Islands? Penguin Books,<br />
Auckland.<br />
• Kirch, P.V. 1997. The Lapita Peoples: Ancestors of the Oceanic World. Blackwell, Oxford.<br />
• Kirch, P.V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact.<br />
University of California Press, Berkeley.<br />
Finally, The Lonely Planet Guide to Fiji is very good, though there are many others. Lonely Planet also publishes a<br />
pocket sized Fijian phrasebook, which would be useful for basic communication.<br />
20
15. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD<br />
In the case of a medical emergency, the individual would be taken to the Sigatoka Hospital, a 40-minute drive<br />
from the field site. An all-terrain vehicle is available for this purpose at all times. Two First Aid kits will be<br />
available in the field, one in the vehicle (for fieldwork) and one in Vusama Village. In the event that a volunteer<br />
should have to leave the expedition early for a personal emergency, the volunteer will be taken to Nadi Airport in<br />
the expedition vehicle.<br />
Safety Certified Staff<br />
Nearest Hospital<br />
Time to Reach<br />
Sepeti Matararaba, Tammy Tabe and Frank Thomas are certified in basic First Aid.<br />
Sigatoka Hospital (Nadroga Subdivisional Hospital)<br />
Hospital Road, Sigatoka Town<br />
Tel: +679 650 0455<br />
40-minute drive from both the field site and the accommodation site<br />
17. HELPFUL RESOURCES<br />
Principal Investigator Website<br />
• <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Patrick</strong> <strong>Nunn</strong>’s website, with PDF files of many of his recent publications and some additional research<br />
information: www.usp.ac.fj/geography (click on People, then <strong>Nunn</strong>)<br />
Passport and Visa Information<br />
• Embassies around the world: http://www.embassyworld.com<br />
• For Japanese citizens: http://www.rainbowt.jp/travel/visa_top.html<br />
• For Australian citizens: https://www.passports.gov.au and http://www.dfat.gov.au/visas/index.html<br />
• Passport Visa Express (for US citizens): www.passportvisasexpress.com<br />
• The Visaservice: http://www.visaservice.co.uk<br />
• Thames Consular Services Ltd: http://www.visapassport.com<br />
Travel Guidebooks and Booksellers<br />
• Lonely Planet: http://www.lonelyplanet.com<br />
• Rough Guide: http://travel.roughguides.com<br />
• Amazon: http://www.amazon.com<br />
• Barnes and Noble: http://www.bn.com<br />
Travel Agencies and Advice<br />
• Esplanade Tours: http://esplanadetours.com<br />
160 Commonwealth Ave Suite L3<br />
Boston, MA 02116 USA<br />
Tel: 617-266-7465<br />
Toll free in the US: 1-800-426-5492 or 1-800-628-4893<br />
Fax: 617-262-9829<br />
Email: info@esplanadetours.com<br />
• STA Travel: http://www.statravel.com<br />
65 Mt. Auburn St.<br />
Cambridge, MA 02138<br />
Tel: +1 617 576-4623<br />
Fax: +1 617 576-2740<br />
Email: cam@statravel.com<br />
21
• STA Travel (UK): http://www.statravel.co.uk<br />
Tel: +44 (0) 1865 792800<br />
Fax: +44 (0) 1865 792911<br />
Email: manager.oxford@statravel.co.uk<br />
Quote code: EWE01/02<br />
• Wexas International (Europe): http://www.wexas.com<br />
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7581 8761<br />
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7581 7679<br />
Email: southern@wexas.com<br />
Quote code: EWE01/02<br />
• Democracy Travel (contact Jean S. West, Assistant Manager)<br />
4818 MacArthur Blvd NW<br />
Washington DC 20007<br />
Tel: 202 965 7200 or 866-557-9968 (toll free US and Canada)<br />
Fax: 202 342 0471<br />
Email: jean@democracytravel.com<br />
• World Travel Guide: http://www.worldtravelguide.com<br />
• UK Foreign Office travel advice: http://www.fco.gov.uk/travel<br />
Airline/Airport Resources<br />
• Flight comparison tools: http://www.bookingbuddy.com and http://www.1800-fly.com<br />
• Airport codes worldwide: http://www.logisticsworld.com/airports.asp<br />
Country Information<br />
• Country information from around the world: http://www.countryreports.org<br />
• National Geographic Map Machine: http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/mapmachine<br />
• US State Department: http://www.state.gov<br />
• Time worldwide with GMT/UTC: http://www.worldtimeserver.com<br />
• Currency converter: http://www.xe.com<br />
• Electrical current converter: http://kropla.com/electric2.htm<br />
• Telephone dialing codes: http://kropla.com/dialcode.htm<br />
• Online unit conversions: http://www.onlineconversion.com<br />
• Worldwide weather: http://www.wunderground.com or http://www.tutiempo.net/en<br />
• Fiji Meteorological Service: http://www.met.gov.fj/index.php<br />
• ATM locator: http://visa.via.infonow.net/locator/global/jsp/SearchPage.jsp or<br />
http://www.mastercard.com/atmlocator/index.jsp<br />
Health Information<br />
• Travel health website: http://www.mdtravelhealth.com<br />
• Center for Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov<br />
• World Health Organization: http://www.who.int<br />
• The Travel Doctor: http://www.tmvc.com.au<br />
• Disease outbreaks: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en<br />
• Hospital for Tropical Diseases: http://www.thehtd.org<br />
• Travellers Healthline Advisory Service<br />
Tel: 020 7950 7799<br />
• MASTA Travelers’ Healthline (UK)<br />
Tel: 0906 8 224100 (within UK)<br />
22
APPENDIX<br />
FIJI’S ANCIENT SEAFARERS: THE RESEARCH<br />
The following information was taken from the research proposal submitted by the Principal Investigator to<br />
<strong>Earthwatch</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>. Included is a description of the research conducted through this project, some results to<br />
date, and other information regarding the accomplishments of the project and the staff. Specific details regarding<br />
research sites, methods, etc. is subject to change slightly from year to year and such changes may not be<br />
incorporated into this document.<br />
BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS<br />
Background<br />
Unlike most “developed” countries, where history based in fact has been taught to schoolchildren for generations,<br />
history in the Pacific Islands is mostly unknown – a matter for speculation, characterized by improbable legends<br />
masquerading as traditional knowledge. Part of the reason for this is an almost total ignorance about the islands’<br />
early human history, partly due to the lack of educational and other materials available to teach people about<br />
their islands’ early history.<br />
Most people in Fiji believe that the first inhabitants of these islands came from Africa in a canoe called the<br />
“Kaunitoni” led by a chief named Lutunasobasoba. This widespread belief is actually a post-Colonial invention,<br />
the result of a newspaper competition in the 1880s held in response to the frustration felt by missionaries when<br />
commonly told in response to their question “Where did you come from?” addressed to the islanders that “We<br />
have always been here.” In fact, scientific research in Fiji has shown a quite different picture. No Fijians came<br />
from Africa; they arrived about 1100 BC from the island groups to the west (Solomon Islands and Vanuatu)<br />
within a few generations of their arrival there from the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. The<br />
ancestors of these people probably came from what is now Taiwan and southern China (<strong>Nunn</strong> 1999, Howe 2003).<br />
The first people in Fiji were part of an extraordinary culture named “Lapita” (after the place in New Caledonia<br />
where their distinctively decorated pottery was first recognized). The Lapita people were extraordinary in many<br />
ways. They made pottery, some of which they decorated with intricate and exquisite designs, some they painted.<br />
This pottery was probably part of a design assemblage that included wood carving and body tattooing, although<br />
no direct record of these has come down to us today. The Lapita people were also people who lived largely from<br />
the ocean, even building their villages out on stilt-mounted platforms across coral-reef flats to optimize access to<br />
reef food resources. In some places, they supplemented their ocean diets with crops grown on adjacent lowlands.<br />
Their intimate relationship with the ocean is further underscored by their extraordinary voyaging ability; they<br />
were able to routinely cross ocean distances of more than 1,000 miles, long before people in any other part of the<br />
world were able to make routine crossings one 10 th that distance. In this way the Lapita people crossed into the<br />
Pacific Islands region from Papua New Guinea to Tonga (some 2,800 miles) and their descendants crossed the rest<br />
of the Pacific, making landfall in the Americas before Europeans even knew the Pacific Ocean existed (Kirch 1997,<br />
2000; Irwin 1992).<br />
In Fiji, we are dealing with just one chapter in the Lapita history. The Lapita people arrived in Fiji – the first<br />
human colonizers – about 1100 BC and disappeared as a recognizable cultural group around 550 BC, about the<br />
same time as elsewhere in the Lapita region. Along the Rove Peninsula, they first settled the Bourewa Beach site<br />
and then spread out to other reef-fringed bays and smaller islands in the area. The Bourewa site is probably the<br />
earliest human settlement in Fiji (<strong>Nunn</strong> et al. 2004, 2005, 2006a,b).<br />
23
The earliest occupation at Bourewa seems to have been on stilt houses, or on a low sandspit at the mouth of a<br />
brackish-water bay. Shellfish was an important component of Lapita diets at Bourewa, where a large shell<br />
midden – a pile of discarded shells – was formed. Yet traces of taro and yam have also been found in the<br />
sediments at Bourewa, a sure sign that the Lapita people there also practiced horticulture (Horrocks and <strong>Nunn</strong><br />
2007). Stone tools are found throughout the site, most from the local area; a major find was a piece of obsidian<br />
(volcanic glass) traced to a source in Papua New Guinea 2,610 miles away and brought to Bourewa around 900<br />
BC.<br />
Many people have speculated as to what made the Lapita people so extraordinary. Most regard the pottery<br />
making and the voyaging as part of a religious movement, perhaps led by a succession of messianic figures,<br />
which was focused on ancestor worship. Whatever the answer, an improved understanding of the Lapita history<br />
of Fiji will not only add information to such speculations, but will also inform the population at large about the<br />
nature of their islands’ earliest human history and the incredible achievements that were involved.<br />
This research project has implications not only for archaeology and history. At the time the Lapita people arrived,<br />
the sea level was around 5.2 feet higher than today and the geography of the area was quite different (<strong>Nunn</strong><br />
2005). Not only was there less land, but the Rove Peninsula was on an offshore island and surrounded by less<br />
coral reef than today. Much research will go into reconstructing the ancient environment, the nature and the<br />
ecology of the coral reef that existed in Lapita times. This information will be combined with studies of the shell<br />
midden to understand changing patterns of shellfish consumption through time, something which could be a<br />
result of changing patterns of predation or climate change or both (Allen 2002).<br />
Animal bones (including dog, chicken, pig and rat) are found in the site and allow us insights into Lapita diets<br />
and commensals. Bones of extinct animals may reveal human-associated extinctions (Anderson 2002). Human<br />
bones excavated in 2003 may be of Lapita age, and are currently being analyzed. They show that the former<br />
inhabitants of the Rove Peninsula were taller and larger than most of the present occupants, and that they<br />
suffered particularly from yaws, a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints.<br />
Geological expertise is also applied to the stone tools found in the area, and much effort is going into finding the<br />
sources of these. A favored rock was greenstone (dacite) which occurs in the mountainous hinterland of the site.<br />
Geological expertise is also being applied to the sand (used as temper) in the Lapita pottery found in this area.<br />
Knowledge of where that sand came from allows us to determine the place where the pottery was manufactured.<br />
In several parts of Fiji, it has been demonstrated using this technique that pottery was exchanged/traded<br />
throughout the archipelago and beyond in Lapita times (Dickinson and Shutler 2000).<br />
Project Objectives and Methods<br />
The goals of this project are to continue to illuminate the early human history of Fiji, by continuing research in<br />
what is clearly a key area – the Rove Peninsula. In the Fiji context, this is providing information that is lacking;<br />
while in a regional context, information about Fiji needs to be placed alongside that from adjoining island groups<br />
for the purpose of regional synthesis.<br />
Education is a key goal, both in terms of local-area education (at community gatherings and in schools), and<br />
country-wide and region-wide through the media. The USP students who work on the project also learn a lot<br />
about Fiji’s early history and give out this information through their own communities, both in Fiji and overseas.<br />
The specific research objectives of this project are outlined below.<br />
24
Objective 1: Selective excavation at Bourewa Beach and other Lapita-era sites on or near the Rove Peninsula<br />
This objective is to continue to uncover sufficient information about the Lapita occupation of this area, to be able<br />
to understand its chronology (particularly the start and end), its extent (and settlement pattern evolution), and its<br />
response to changing geography (particularly changes in coastal ecosystems associated with sea-level fall) (<strong>Nunn</strong><br />
2005, <strong>Nunn</strong> et al. 2004).<br />
• Method 1: Excavation in selected places is expected to reveal layers that represent different time horizons in<br />
the Lapita occupation, especially shell-midden deposits and organic-stained beach sand. Excavation will<br />
target samples from the base of the shell midden (for occupation start) that will be radiocarbon dated. Other<br />
time horizons will be targeted.<br />
• Method 2: Areas peripheral to what is believed to be the earliest part of the site (at Bourewa Beach) will be<br />
subject to test excavation, in order to refine the known extent of the settlement and its satellites and develop a<br />
better chronology for settlement pattern evolution along the Rove Peninsula.<br />
• Method 3: To understand the area’s changing geography the project will conduct coring in various places and<br />
date key chronostratigraphic markers (like volcanic tephra) and different types of pollen and shells (see also<br />
Objective 5).<br />
Objective 2: Surface collection of stone tools and pottery fragments from selected coastal flats and caves on or<br />
near the Rove Peninsula<br />
This objective is to try and identify any Lapita-era sites as yet unrecorded in areas peripheral to the main sites as<br />
well as specialized-use areas (such as stone quarrying sites, lithic working sites, pottery manufacture sites).<br />
• Method 1: Visual survey of selected areas to collect stone tools and pottery shards and identify any other<br />
indicators of early human presence.<br />
• Method 2: Targeted visual survey of potential stone-tool quarrying or working areas including river gravel<br />
bars and islands.<br />
Objective 3: Use GPS and GIS and surveying to construct maps of both the modern and Lapita-era<br />
environments of the Rove Peninsula<br />
• Method 1: To survey with GPS the entire area to build up an accurate GIS map of the Lapita settlements along<br />
the Rove Peninsula.<br />
• Method 2: To survey with GPS the shoreline of the former island and its likely form and reef associations in<br />
order to produce a paleogeographic map of the Rove Peninsula.<br />
Objective 4: Conduct offshore coral reef survey to try and reconstruct the form and ecology of the reef that<br />
existed in Lapita times, and its subsequent development (this objective will not be pursued during the 2009<br />
season)<br />
• Method 1: Transects will be run across the modern fringing reef at Bourewa to characterize its ecology,<br />
particularly the locations of key shell species found in the Lapita midden onshore.<br />
• Method 2: Shallow drilling of selected reef corals will be undertaken to determine recent reef history, and the<br />
history of climate change as represented by sea-surface temperature changes.<br />
• Method 3: Mapping and dating of selected corals will help define the extent of the Lapita-era reef.<br />
• Method 4: A selection of large boulders moved across the reef flat will be examined and their movement<br />
dated. Shallow embayments will be cored to see whether there are large-wave deposits there. Large wave<br />
impact might explain why the Rove Peninsula settlements all appear to have been abandoned about 550 BC.<br />
25
Objective 5: Excavate cave sediments with a view to understanding climate change as revealed through<br />
environmental proxies such as vegetation type and sedimentation rate<br />
• Method 1: Test excavation of cave floors to identify deep sediment sequences.<br />
• Method 2: Deep excavation of selected areas, drying of samples, removal of samples for radiocarbon dating,<br />
and packaging.<br />
Objective 6: In-field analysis in order to generate a large quantity of data without carrying all samples back to<br />
the USP laboratory<br />
• Method 1: Pottery samples will be washed and sorted, with decoration recorded and repacked as appropriate.<br />
• Method 2: Shell samples will be washed, weighed, identified and rebagged as appropriate.<br />
• Method 3: Bone samples will be cleaned and repacked.<br />
• Method 4: Stone-tool samples will be cleaned, measured and classified before repacking as appropriate.<br />
RESULTS AND OPPORTUNITIES<br />
The results of this project will help us to better understand the early human history of the Fiji Islands, the origins<br />
of their first settlers, and the lifestyles they followed. It will allow us to understand why they came and what<br />
happened when they arrived.<br />
The people of the Rove Peninsula are proud that this area appears to be where the first people lived in Fiji. They<br />
take pride in relating that fact to other groups, and have displays of photos in their community hall. A long-term<br />
plan is to set up an eco-tour run by the villagers of the Lapita sites along the Rove Peninsula. Beyond the<br />
peninsula but within the immediate area, there is also a lot of interest, and schools are invited to visit the site<br />
when we are working there. There will be such an “open day” during the <strong>Earthwatch</strong> project. The long-term<br />
sustainability of interest in the Rove Peninsula sites depends on developing a sense of ownership of place and<br />
history among the inhabitants.<br />
Since starting fieldwork on the Rove Peninsula in 2003, there has been considerable interest in the results shown<br />
nationally and in the Pacific Islands region. In particular, some of the pottery and rock samples we have<br />
recovered have been widely photographed, and <strong>Patrick</strong> <strong>Nunn</strong> has conducted numerous interviews with national<br />
and overseas media relating the importance of these sites to all Pacific Island people. The importance is mainly in<br />
informing people in the Pacific Islands about their early human history, a subject that is largely explained by<br />
legends at present. <strong>Nunn</strong> has contributed many pieces to the Fiji Museum, where displays about the Rove<br />
Peninsula sites are being prepared. He has formally requested the Fiji Museum to invoke its legislative powers to<br />
protect the Bourewa Beach site from future development.<br />
There has been wide interest in the research on the Rove Peninsula, which has been marked by visits from<br />
numerous scientists, the presentation of oral papers and posters at international conferences, and the publication<br />
of several academic articles in peer-reviewed journals or as book chapters (Kumar et al. 2004, <strong>Nunn</strong> 2007, <strong>Nunn</strong> et<br />
al. 2004, 2005, 2006a, 2006b).<br />
Several departments at USP are involved in this research (Geography, Geology, Marine Science, Pacific Studies,<br />
History, Biology, Applied Sciences), each contributing faculty time and resources towards the project. The field<br />
research is a collaborative venture between USP and the Fiji Museum, which oversees and regulates archaeologylinked<br />
research in Fiji. Museum staff are involved in the planning of the project, and in fieldwork. The museum<br />
provides an essential link between the university and the community and government. Many other universities<br />
are involved in this research, both in providing faculty and resources and in helping with the analysis of material.<br />
26
This project interacts with the following groups in a variety of ways:<br />
• Local communities: We interact daily with the communities on the Rove Peninsula, and stay in the Fijian<br />
village of Vusama. The local community provides our food and transport and is fully informed about the<br />
work we are carrying out.<br />
• Students: Local-area schools are invited to visit the site and be informed about what we are doing and why.<br />
Representatives of the research team will give lectures in selected schools during fieldwork and interface with<br />
local media.<br />
• Early career scientists: Field Team Leader Roselyn Kumar is a young scientist working on a Ph.D.<br />
Kuilanisautabu, Lal, Qolicokota, Ram, Sanjana, Tabe and Vosamosi are all enrolled in Master’s degree<br />
courses.<br />
• Host country national scientists: Both Field Team Leaders are Fiji nationals, as are field staff Kuilanisautabu,<br />
Lal, Qolicokota, Seeto, Ram, Sanjana, Tabe and Vosamosi.<br />
The research results of this project will be disseminated through professional papers in academic journals, public<br />
lectures at the Fiji Museum and within USP, press releases and media accounts of the fieldwork, Pacific region<br />
television and radio, and in other ways.<br />
LITERATURE CITED<br />
Allen, M.S. 2002. Resolving long-term change in Polynesian marine fisheries. Asian Perspectives, 41, 195-212.<br />
Anderson, A. 2002. Faunal collapse, landscape change and settlement history in Remote Oceania. World<br />
Archaeology, 33, 375-390.<br />
Campbell, I.C. 2003. Worlds Apart: a history of the Pacific Islands. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press<br />
(revised edition).<br />
Clark, J.T., Cole, A.O. and <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 1999. Environmental change and human prehistory on Totoya island, Fiji. In<br />
Galipaud, J-C. and Lilley, I. (editors). The Pacific from 5000 to 2000 BP: Colonizations and Transformations. Paris:<br />
Editions de IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), 227-240.<br />
Dickinson, W.R. and Shutler, R. Jr. 2000. Implications of petrographic temper analysis for Oceanian prehistory.<br />
Journal of World Prehistory,14, 203-266.<br />
Horrocks, M. and <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 2007. Evidence for introduced taro (Colocasia esculenta) and lesser yam (Dioscorea<br />
esculenta) in Lapita-era (ca. 3050-2500 cal. yr BP) deposits from Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji.<br />
Journal of Archaeological Science. [manuscript: 17 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables].<br />
Howe, K.R. 2003. The Quest for Origins: who first discovered New Zealand and the Pacific Islands? Auckland: Penguin<br />
Books.<br />
Irwin, G. 1992. The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
Kirch, P.V. 1997. The Lapita Peoples: Ancestors of the Oceanic World. Oxford: Blackwell.<br />
Kirch, P.V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact.<br />
Berkeley: University of California Press.<br />
Kumar, R., <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. and Dickinson, W.R. 2004. The emerging pattern of earliest human settlement in Fiji: four<br />
new Lapita sites on Viti Levu Island. Archaeology in New Zealand, 47, 108-117.<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 1994. Oceanic Islands. Oxford, Blackwell.<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 1998. Pacific Island Landscapes. Suva, Fiji: <strong>Institute</strong> of Pacific Studies, The University of the South Pacific.<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 1999. Environmental Change in the Pacific Basin: chronologies, causes, consequences. London: Wiley.<br />
27
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 2005. Reconstructing tropical paleoshorelines using archaeological data: examples from the Fiji<br />
Archipelago, southwest Pacific. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 42, 15-25.<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D. 2007. Space and place in an ocean of islands: thoughts on the attitudes of the Lapita people towards<br />
islands and their colonization. South Pacific Studies, 27, 24-35. <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Kumar, R., Matararaba, S. and<br />
Ishimura, T. 2006a. The earliest human settlement in the Fiji Islands. Domodomo (Journal of the Fiji Museum), 19,<br />
27-33.<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Matararaba, S., Kumar, R., Pene, C. Yuen, L. and Pastorizo, M.R. 2006b. Lapita on an island in the<br />
mangroves? The earliest human occupation at Qoqo Island, southwest Viti Levu, Fiji. Archaeology in New<br />
Zealand, 49, 205-212. <strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Kumar, R., Matararaba, S., Ishimura, T., Seeto, J., Rayawa, S., Kuruyawa, S.,<br />
Nasila, A., Oloni, B., Rati Ram, A., Saunivalu, P., Singh, P. and Tegu, E. 2004. Early Lapita settlement site at<br />
Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Archaeology in Oceania, 39, 139-143.<br />
<strong>Nunn</strong>, P.D., Pene, C., Matararaba, S., Kumar, R., Singh, P., <strong>Dr</strong>edregasa, I., Gwilliam, M., Heorake, T.,<br />
Kuilanisautabu, L., Nakoro, E., Narayan, L., Pastorizo, M.R., Robinson, S., Saunivalu, P. and Tamani, F. 2005.<br />
Human occupations of caves of the Rove Peninsula, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji. South Pacific Journal of<br />
Natural Science, 23, 16-23.Summerhayes, G. 2000. Lapita Interaction. Canberra: Australian National University.<br />
Yu, K-F., Zhao, J-X., Collerson, K.D., Shi, Q., Chen, T-G., Wang, P-X. and Liu, T-S. 2004. Storm cycles in the last<br />
millennium recorded in Yongshu Reef, southern South China Sea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,<br />
Palaeoecology, 210, 89-100.<br />
28
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST<br />
Essential Items<br />
This Expedition Briefing<br />
Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the<br />
copies should be packed separately from the original documents<br />
Passport and/or visa (if necessary)<br />
Certification of inoculation (if necessary)<br />
Clothing/Footwear for Fieldwork<br />
Required Items<br />
Note: Light-colored and loose-fitting cotton clothing is highly recommended.<br />
Lightweight, quick-drying shirts<br />
Lightweight, quick-drying pants<br />
Light field boots or trainers/sneakers for excavation<br />
Broad-brimmed hat<br />
Rain jacket or poncho<br />
Shorts<br />
T-shirts<br />
Clothing/Footwear for Leisure<br />
Note: Clothing worn in the village should cover shoulders and legs above the knees.<br />
One set of clothing appropriate for attending church, if desired (shirt and pants for men and long dresses<br />
with sleeves or long skirts and sleeved tops for women)<br />
Flip-flops or sandals<br />
Sulu/Lavalava (wrap-around cloth to wear in the village)<br />
Field Supplies<br />
Notebook and writing materials<br />
Small daypack/rucksack<br />
Headlamp and/or flashlight<br />
Spare batteries<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>ybag or plastic sealable bags (e.g. Ziploc) for protecting equipment such as camera from dust, humidity,<br />
and water<br />
Insect repellent<br />
Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher<br />
Sunglasses<br />
29
Personal Supplies<br />
Note: Linens and blankets will be provided.<br />
Spending money in Fiji currency<br />
Towel<br />
Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are recommended)<br />
Toilet paper (you may want to buy a four-pack in Nadi to bring with you)<br />
Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for “washing” hands while in the field)<br />
Personal First Aid kit (e.g. anti-diarrhea pills, antibiotics, antiseptic, itch-relief, antihistamines, pain reliever,<br />
bandages, blister covers, etc.) and personal medications<br />
Sanitary pads or tampons if necessary<br />
Packet of soap powder for washing clothes by hand (biodegradable detergent is recommended)<br />
Optional Items<br />
Camera, film/memory card(s), extra camera battery<br />
Extra carton of water if you want to supplement the provided treated water (you can purchase Fiji Water in<br />
Nadi)<br />
Earplugs for light sleepers<br />
Sleeping bag<br />
Small mirror for personal use<br />
Soft pillow (most pillows in Vusama are made of hard foam)<br />
Cushion/Pad to sit on in the village houses (you will need to sit on hard floors for prolonged periods)<br />
Knee pads for excavation work (a foam gardeners’ knee cushion can double for excavation work and for<br />
sitting on the hard floors in the village)<br />
Recharger, adapter and power-surge protector for electronics<br />
Mosquito coils and matches (can be purchased in Nadi)<br />
Small bag of candies for the children of your host family (can be purchased in Nadi)<br />
Farewell gifts for your host family (perhaps two extra large t-shirts, a towel or a small wall hanging or<br />
calendar from your home country/region)<br />
Snacks and an airtight plastic container to store them<br />
Travel guidebook<br />
Fijian language phrasebook<br />
Book, journal, art supplies, etc. to use during down time<br />
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