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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDREN YEARBOOK 1998 4 Child Nutrition 53 Child Nutrition: 1973 to 1998 53 Food Stamp Reductions 54 The Plight of Immigrant Children 57 State Procedures: An Obstacle to Food Stamp Assistance? 58 Reductions in the Family Child Care Component ofCACFP 58 Subsidized Meal Programs 59 Moving Forward: A 1998 Agenda for Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61 5 Children and Families in Crisis 63 Child Welfare: 1973 to 1998 63 Families in Crisis: The Scope of the Problem Today 66 Promoting Adoption and Other Permanency Options 66 Children in Kinship Care 68 Community Partnerships to Protect Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69 Needs of Special Populations 70 Focusing on Outcomes 72 An Exciting Local Initiative 73 Moving Forward: A 1998 Agenda for Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74 6 Children, Violence, and Crime 77 Children, Violence, and Crime: 1973 to 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77 Declines in Violence by and Against Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79 Protecting Children from Guns 81 The Move Toward Stiffer Penalties for Juveniles 82 After-School Programs and Other Prevention Measures 84 Effective Local Initiatives 85 Moving Forward: A 1998 Agenda for Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86 Spotlight on Employment Opportunities for Youth 88 7 Adolescent Pregnancy 93 Adolescent Pregnancy: 1973 to 1998 93 A Profile ofTeen Pregnancy 94 Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use 96 The Price That Children and Society Pay 97 Preventing Teen Pregnancy 98 An Effective Local Initiative: TOP 99 Moving Forward: A 1998 Agenda for Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 Appendix A. National Trends Among Children 103 Appendix B. Children in the States 107 . VI CHI LOR EN' S 0 E FEN S E FUN 0
"- ... C 0 N TEN T S Selected Web Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Index 125 Boxes 1.1 2.1 5.1 6.1 Welfare Time Limits: State Choices 9 A State Advocate's Checklist for Implementing CHIP 27 Steps to Promote Community Partnerships for Child Protection 71 Children and the Media 80 Tables 1 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 6.1 Al A2 A3 A4 Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 88 B9 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 Poor Outcomes for Poor Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiv Children in Poverty, 1996 4 Maternal and Infant Health Indicators, by Race of Mother, 1995 23 Child Health Coverage: Best and Worst States 26 Progress Toward the Surgeon General's Goals for Selected Maternal and Infant Health Indicators 34 Labor Force Participation ofWomen with Children Under Age 6, Selected Years 38 Waiting Lists for Child Care Subsidies, Selected States, 1997 42 Average Annual Child Care Cost at Centers, Selected Cities, 1997 43 Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Cause 81 Poverty Among Children 103 Maternal and Infant Health 104 Adolescent Childbearing 105 Youth Unemployment. 106 Child Population and Children in Poverty 107 Children in Poverty, by Race, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108 AFDC/TANF Benefit Levels and Participation 110 Number of Children Participating in Food Stamps and Child Nutrition Programs, FY 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III Child Support Enforcement, FY 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 112 Fair Market Rent and the Minimum Wage, 1998 113 Early Prenatal Care and Low Birthweight, 1995 114 Teen Birth Rates 115 Infant Mortality, by Race of Mother, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 116 Health Insurance Coverage and Immunization Status of Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 Head Start Enrollment and Race of Enrollees, 1996 118 Public Schools Offering Extended Day Programs, 1993-94 119 Participants in Federal Education and Disability Programs 120 Child Abuse and Neglect 121 Children Under 18 in Foster Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122 Firearm Deaths Among Children Ages 0-19, by Cause 123 CHILDREN'S DEFENSE FUND .. VII
Page 2 and 3: About CDF he Children's Defense Fun
Page 4 and 5: Copyright © 1998 by Children's Def
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgments Susanne Martinez, d
Page 10 and 11: THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDREN YEA
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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDREN YEA
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L-__T.HE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDRE
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CHAPTER CHILD NUTRITION any America
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CHILD NUTRITION gram requirements,
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CHAPTER CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CR
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CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CRISIS pas
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CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CRISIS in
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CHILDREN A D FAMILIES IN CRISIS kin
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CHAPTER ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY fter r
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY 512,115 babies
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY sexual activit
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY ings. However,
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ADO L ESC EN T PRE G NAN C Y .... h
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106 CHI L D R EN' S D E FEN S E FUN
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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDRE YEAR
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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S HILDREN YEAR
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Selected Web Sites Listed below are
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