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'--__...;T;...;;;H...;E;;....S T ATE 0 F A MER I C A'S CHI L D R E N YEA R BOO K 1 9 9 8 community-based, multilingual immunization campaigns. CDF-New York worked on one such local campaign, forming a public-private partnership with city and state agencies and Chase Manhattan Bank. The campaign involved public transportation ads; radio, television, and print public service annQuncements; telephone hotlines; and door-todoor canvassing to reach high-risk populations. The nationwide immunization initiative has paid off with dramatically higher immunization rates. As recently as 1992, only 55 percent of 2 year-olds were fully immunized; by 1996, that number rose to 78 percent (see figure 2.1). Meanwhile, vaccine-preventable disease declined, with rates for six of eight such illnesses in children under age 5 reaching all-time lows in 1995 and 1996. Vaccine-preventable disease rates in 1996 were less than one-seventh their levels in the early and mid 1980s and one-third below their levels as recently as 1993. In 1995 and 1996 the rate of measles among children under age 5 fell to less than one case per 100,000, from an average of seven per 100,000 in 1980-88 and 44 cases per 100,000 during the 1989-91 measles epidemic. That epidemic involved 55,000 cases, 11,000 hospitalizations, and 130 deaths. Sexually transmitted diseases that affected many young people in 1973 have also declined substantially. For example, the rate of gonorrhea among 15- to 19-year-
CHILD HEALTH hospitalization for asthma almost doubled among children under age 1. Although the reasons for this dramatic increase are not completely clear, poverty plays a role. Poor and minority children suffer from asthma disproportionately, and a number of studies have linked poor housing conditions to increased respiratory illness among poor children (see page 17). Uninsured Children: An Urgent Problem There is widespread agreement that health insurance coverage is vital to children's well-being and future success. Tragically, millions of children have no coverage whatsoever. The lack of health insurance for children is not only a grave problem but a growing one. According to the Census Bureau's March 1997 Current Population Survey, the number of children age 18 and under who are uninsured year-round reached more than 11 million in 1996-a record high. Of the 1.1 million Americans added to the ranks of the uninsured in 1996, about 800,000-70 percent-were children (see figure 2.2). The overwhelming majority of uninsured children came from working families: 92 Uninsured Childrenpercent had parents with jobs, and 66 percent had at least one parent working full-time all year long. However, as more and more employers have raised employee premiums for family coverage or dropped coverage altogether, and as more workers have shifted from full-time employment into contract, temporary, or part-time work without benefits, many working parents can no longer afford health insurance for the whole family. (For a ranking of the states with the most and the least health coverage for children, see table 2.2.) New research confmns the risks children suffer when they lose health insurance. A July 1997 report from the National Center for Health Statistics shows that uninsured children are six times as likely as privately insured children to go without needed medical care, five times as likely to use the hospital emergency room as a regular source of health care, and four times as likely to have necessary health care delayed. Analysis of the report shows that one in four uninsured children either uses the hospital emergency room as a regular source of health care or has no regular source of care. The 1996 annual report for Florida's Healthy Kids, a program that subsidizes health insurance Figure 2.2 More than nine in ten uninsured children have working parents, and further cuts in employer health coverage are hurting children the most. Seven of every 10 Americans added to the Uninsured children and parental work status in 1996 The newly uninsured in 1996 u ranks of the uninsured in 1996 were children. "'Data cover children through age 18. o. Based on the total increase from 1995 to 1996 in the number of uninsured children and adults. Source: U.S. Deportment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Morch 1996 and 1997 Current Populotion Surveys. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund. CHI L D R EN'S D E FEN S E FUN D 25
Page 2 and 3: About CDF he Children's Defense Fun
Page 4 and 5: Copyright © 1998 by Children's Def
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgments Susanne Martinez, d
Page 8 and 9: THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDREN YEA
Page 20 and 21: _____T...:H_._E... S T ATE 0 F AM E
Page 22 and 23: .... T...-HE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHI
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Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER CHILD NUTRITION any America
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Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CR
Page 89 and 90: CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CRISIS pas
Page 91 and 92: CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CRISIS in
Page 93 and 94: CHILDREN A D FAMILIES IN CRISIS kin
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CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IN CRISI""S"-
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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDREN YEA
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CHAPTER ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY fter r
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY 512,115 babies
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY sexual activit
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY ings. However,
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106 CHI L D R EN' S D E FEN S E FUN
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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S CHILDRE YEAR
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THE STATE OF AMERICA'S HILDREN YEAR
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