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Contents vii 2.5 Thin Films and Surfaces of Fullerides 85 2.5.1 Alkali Fullerides 85 2.5.2 Thin Films of AE and RE Fullerides 92 2.6 Thin Films of Endohedral Fullerenes 96 2.7 Conclusions and Outlook 103 3 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of Carbon Nanostructures 117 Kazu Suenaga, Yuta Sato, Zheng Liu, Masanori Koshino, and Chuanhong Jin 3.1 Introduction 118 3.2 Experimental 118 3.3 Visualization of Atomic Defects in Carbon Nanotubes 119 3.4 Imaging of Fullerenes and Their Derivatives 123 3.5 In Situ Observation of Nano-Carbon Growth 127 3.6 Summary 129 4 Electronic and Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 131 Christian Kramberger and Thomas Pichler 4.1 The Electronic Ground State 131 4.1.1 From Graphene to Carbon Nanotubes 134 4.1.2 Types and Families 138 4.1.3 Tight Binding versus First Principles 144 4.2 Electronic Excitations 147 4.2.1 Excitonic Inter-Band Excitations 148 4.2.2 Valence and Core Holes 151 4.2.3 Collective Plasma Excitations 152 4.3 Spectroscopic Methods 154 4.3.1 Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 155 4.3.2 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 156 4.3.3 Luminescence Spectroscopy 157 4.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 158 4.3.5 Photoemission Spectroscopy 159 4.3.6 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 159 4.4 Spectroscopy on Nanotubes 160 4.4.1 Van Hove Singularities 161 4.4.2 Electronic Response 166 4.4.3 Opto-Mechanical Response 172
viii Contents 4.4.4 Alignment 175 4.4.5 Metallic and Semiconducting Abundances 178 4.4.6 Diameter Distribution 179 4.4.7 Crystallinity 179 4.4.8 Purity 180 4.5 Summary 181 5 Fullerene-Based Electronics 189 James M. Ball, Paul H. Wöbkenberg, and Thomas D. Anthopoulos 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 Properties of Fullerenes 192 5.2.1 Electronic Properties 193 5.2.2 Thin-Film Processing 195 5.2.3 Why These Properties Are Desirable for Electronics and Optoelectronics 197 5.3 Thin-Film Transistors, Integrated Circuits, and OPV 198 5.3.1 Thin-Film Transistors 198 5.3.2 Integrated Circuits 202 5.3.3 Organic Photovoltaics 205 5.3.4 Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors 208 5.4 Electron Transport in Fullerene Thin-Film Transistors 211 5.4.1 Electron Injection 211 5.4.2 Electron Transport in C 60 ,C 70 ,andC 84 Devices 212 5.4.3 Electron Transport in Solution Processed C 60 -, C 70 -, and C 84 - PCBM Devices 215 5.4.4 Electron Transport in Devices with Alternative Fullerene Derivatives 216 5.5 Ambipolar Transport in Fullerene Thin-Film Transistors 218 5.5.1 Ambipolar Transport in Fullerene Transistors 219 5.6 Fullerene-Based Microelectronics 219 5.6.1 Unipolar Logic Circuits 220 5.6.2 Complementary Logic Circuits 220 5.6.3 Complementary-Like Logic Circuits 221 5.7 Fullerene-Based Optoelectronics 222 5.7.1 Fullerene-Based BHJ OPV 223
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