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Contents
vii
2.5 Thin Films and Surfaces of Fullerides 85
2.5.1 Alkali Fullerides 85
2.5.2 Thin Films of AE and RE Fullerides 92
2.6 Thin Films of Endohedral Fullerenes 96
2.7 Conclusions and Outlook 103
3 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
Imaging of Carbon Nanostructures 117
Kazu Suenaga, Yuta Sato, Zheng Liu, Masanori Koshino,
and Chuanhong Jin
3.1 Introduction 118
3.2 Experimental 118
3.3 Visualization of Atomic Defects in Carbon Nanotubes 119
3.4 Imaging of Fullerenes and Their Derivatives 123
3.5 In Situ Observation of Nano-Carbon Growth 127
3.6 Summary 129
4 Electronic and Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 131
Christian Kramberger and Thomas Pichler
4.1 The Electronic Ground State 131
4.1.1 From Graphene to Carbon Nanotubes 134
4.1.2 Types and Families 138
4.1.3 Tight Binding versus First Principles 144
4.2 Electronic Excitations 147
4.2.1 Excitonic Inter-Band Excitations 148
4.2.2 Valence and Core Holes 151
4.2.3 Collective Plasma Excitations 152
4.3 Spectroscopic Methods 154
4.3.1 Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 155
4.3.2 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 156
4.3.3 Luminescence Spectroscopy 157
4.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 158
4.3.5 Photoemission Spectroscopy 159
4.3.6 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 159
4.4 Spectroscopy on Nanotubes 160
4.4.1 Van Hove Singularities 161
4.4.2 Electronic Response 166
4.4.3 Opto-Mechanical Response 172