Download PDF - Pan Stanford Publishing
Download PDF - Pan Stanford Publishing
Download PDF - Pan Stanford Publishing
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
x<br />
Contents<br />
8.2 Classical Information 300<br />
8.3 Information Inside a Classical Computer 301<br />
8.4 Introducing the Quantum Bit, or Qubit 303<br />
8.5 Understanding the Qubit: The Bloch Sphere 304<br />
8.6 More Than One Qubit: Entanglement 307<br />
8.7 Basic Components of a Processor 308<br />
8.7.1 Elements of a Classical Processor 308<br />
8.7.2 A Notation for Qubits 309<br />
8.7.3 Single-Qubit Gates 310<br />
8.7.4 Two-Qubit Gates 313<br />
8.8 Quantum Parallelism 315<br />
8.8.1 Grover’s Search Algorithm 318<br />
8.8.2 Decoherence and QEC 321<br />
8.9 Synthesis of Endohedral Fullerenes 323<br />
8.9.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 323<br />
8.9.2 Synthesis of Endohedral Nitrogen Fullerenes 324<br />
8.10 Purification of Endohedral Fullerenes 327<br />
8.11 Quantum Properties of Endohedral Fullerenes 329<br />
8.12 N@C 60 as a Spin Qubit 330<br />
8.13 Scaling-Up of Endohedral Fullerene Nanostructures 332<br />
8.13.1 Endohedral Fullerene Dimers 332<br />
8.13.2 One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional<br />
Arrays and Beyond 335<br />
8.14 Summary 337<br />
9 Cell Biology of Carbon Nanotubes 343<br />
Chang Guo, Khuloud Al-Jamal, Hanene Ali-Boucetta,<br />
and Kostas Kostarelos<br />
9.1 Experimental Techniques Used to Study the<br />
Interaction Between Carbon Nanotubes and Cells<br />
In Vitro 344<br />
9.1.1 Optical Microscopy 344<br />
9.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques 344<br />
9.1.3 Flow Cytometry 350<br />
9.1.4 Electron Microscopy 350<br />
9.1.5 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy 356<br />
9.1.6 Intrinsic Photoluminescence (Via SPT) 356<br />
9.2 Mechanisms Involved in the Cellular Uptake of CNTs 357
Change language