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CONTENTS 

New Mussels in Old Miss' 

Divers find unexpected treasures in a 

once nearly dead river. By Dan Kelner. 

Photography by Deborah Rose 

Farms Turning Wild $0 

Some farmers are working wildlife 

into their everyday operations and 

year-end profits. By Mark Herwig. 

Photography by Bill Marchel 

The Universe Underfoot 

Young Naturalists go underground to 

explore the soil. By Kathleen Weflen 

l8 

^fO 

Nature Watchers $2, 

Volunteer observers log thousands of 

hours gathering data on lakes, birds, 

butterflies, and more. By Mary Hoff. 

Photography by Deborah Rose 

A Tough Fight to the Top 62 

Whitetail bucks come to blows 

during the breeding season. 

Text and photography by Bill Marchel 

M I N N E S O T A 

CONSERVATION 

VOLUNTEER 

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2002 

VOLUME 65, NUMBER 384 

Departments 

2 This Issue 

4 Letters 

6 Field Notes 

8 Natural Curiosities 

10 Volunteer Supporters 

77 Events 

80 Minnesota Profile 

Minnesota Conservation Volunteer (USPS 

129880) is published bimonthly by the 

Department of Natural Resources, 500 

Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4046. 

Preferred periodicals postage paid in St. Paul, 

Minn., and additional offices. 

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to 

Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, Department 

of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Road, St. 

Paul, MN 55155-4046. 

Equal opportunity to participate in and benefit 

from programs of the Department of 

Natural Resources is available to all individuals 

regardless of race, color, national origin, 

sex, sexual orientation, age, or disability. 

Discrimination inquiries should be sent to 

DNR Affirmative Action, 500 Lafayette Road, 

St. Paul, MN 55155-4031, or the Equal 

Opportunity Office, Department of the 

Interior, Washington, DC 20240. The Volunteer 

is sent free to year-round state residents upon 

request and relies on donations to fund printing 

and mailing. Out-of-state subscriptions are 

$20 a year. The Volunteer can be made available 

in alternative formats. Call 651-296-0888. 

—^ Printed on chlorine-free paper conran 

taining at least 10 percent postconsumer 

waste. 

Copyright 2002, State of Minnesota, 

Department of Natural Resources. Permission 

from the publisher is required to reproduce or 

transmit in any form or by any means. 

Sleeping In 

An eastern chipmunk, 

curled up for its winter 

hibernation, is one of 

thousands of species of 

creatures large and small 

that make soil a living 

thing. See Young Naturalists 

on page 40. Photograph 

by Skip Moody, 

Dembinsky Photo 

Associates.

THIS ISSUE 

ometimes 

a Wild Notion 

Mussels are magnets for fish. In fact, the world's original 

anglers may have been mussels. Some mussels bait fish 

by displaying a bit of mantle that mimics a minnow. 

Others release larvae in juicy-looking, wormlike clumps. 

Mussel shells harbor aquatic insects that bring fish to 

feed. But the biggest lure to fish is the habitat mussels 

make. They create a stable substrate where plants grow 

and invertebrates thrive. A good mussel bed is good for 

fishing, says DNR biologist Mike Davis. 

Starting with "New Mussels in Old Miss'," this issue 

has an underlying theme of how people are working to 

restore and strengthen connections in living networks. 

The lead story explains how changes in the Mississippi 

led to the disappearance of mussels from parts of the 

river. Not long ago, biologists received a tip from a 

contractor about mussels near a pipeline river crossing, 

so they began a survey to look for more. Once they were 

convinced that a mussel renaissance was underway in 

the stretch from the Twin Cities to Lake Pepin, they 

came up with another idea: to transplant rare mussels 

back to their historical home. 

"Farms Turning Wild" tells the stories of some farmers 

who have gotten wild ideas and put them into practice. 

From harvesting seeds of prairie grasses to idling 

lands for hunting, they have found ways to combine 

wildness and profit. The stories could fill a book. And, in 

fact, various books discuss similar possibilities for restoring 

wildness. Aldo Leopold's 1949 conservation classic, A 

Sand County Almanac, begins with sketches of rebuilding 

"with shovel and axe" a worn-out farm. A recent 

book called The Farm as Natural Habitat takes up the 

cause of conservation with examples of Midwestern 

landowners who are trying to right the balance between 

-A MINNESOTA CONSERVATION VOLUNTEER

the tame and the wild. 

In Buffalo for the Broken Heart, Dan 

O'Brien chronicles his arduous passage 

from cattle ranching to buffalo ranching. 

Always mindful of his debts and the threat 

of losing his land, O'Brien wrestles with 

serious doubts about pursuing his wild 

notion. But when he finally brings home 

the buffalo, he begins to see why they 

belong: "Our grass evolved to thrive under 

buffalo hooves, not cattle hooves. Only 

buffalo are a force that can match the scale 

of this land. Only buffalo have the power 

to massage this land back to health." 

All of these wild pursuits on the farm 

rely on the same matrix: the soil. On page 

40, "The Universe Underfoot" gives a 

glimpse of the mysteries of this life-giving 

matter. Farmers and ranchers learn firsthand 

the necessity of guarding their soil 

currency, formed over the ages from 

bedrock, air, water, and life itself. "Sadly, 

there is no technology that can restore 

topsoil washed away by poor farming 

practice," O'Brien writes, daunted by the 

task of revitalizing his abused land. 

"Topsoil is made of centuries of decayed 

vegetable matter, and the process occurs 

only when conditions are ideal. I'll never 

live long enough to see even a centimeter 

of the eroded topsoil replaced." 

Our story "Nature Watchers" extols the 

work of volunteers who help scientists 

keep an eye on the natural world. And 

watch we must, Leopold said half a century 

ago. He told of eagerly watching a 

country graveyard each July to see his 

county's sole surviving "man-high stalk of 

compass plant or cutleaf Silphium, spangled 

with saucer-sized yellow blooms 

resembling sunflowers.... What a thousand 

acres of Silphiums looked like when 

they tickled the bellies of the buffalo is a 

question never again to be answered, and 

perhaps not even asked." 

Driving by the graveyard one August 

day, Leopold saw that the highway 

department had mowed down the Silphium. 

He wrote: "This is one little episode 

in the funeral of the native flora, which in 

turn is one episode in the funeral of the 

floras of the world." 

Sometimes, in one place or another, a 

wild notion just might take hold and 

redefine progress in favor of compass 

plants and buffalo. 

Kathleen Weflen, editor 

kathleen.weflen@dnr.state.mn.us 

MINNESOTA 

CONSERVATION 

VOLUNTEER 

A donor-supported magazine advocating 

conservation and wise use of Minnesota's 

natural resources. 

Editor in Chief 

KATHLEEN WEFLEN 

Managing Editor GREC. BREWING 

Art Director 

Editorial Assistant 

Production Coordinator 

Circulation Manager 

Database Manager 

SUSAN KANEKO BINKLEY 

CATHERINE M. MIX 

MARY HOFF 

SUSAN M. RYAN 

SUE KLKCKER 

Official Publication of the 

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 

B 

Administrator, Information, Education, and 

Licensing Bureau KURTIS ULRICH 

Commissioner 

Deputy Commissioner 

Assistant Commissioners 

ALLEN GARBER 

STEVEN MORSE 

BRAD MOORE 

KIM BONDE 

Division Directors: Lee A. Pfannmuller, 

Ecological Services; Bill Bernjhelm, 

Enforcement; Ron Payer, Fisheries; 

Mike Carroll, Forestry; William Brice, 

Lands and Minerals; William Morrissey, 

Parks and Recreation; Dennis 

Asmussen, Trails and Waterways; 

Kent Lokkesmoe, Waters; 

Tim Bremicker, Wildlife. 

Regional Directors: Paul Swenson, 

Bemidji; John Guenther, Grand Rapids; 

Kathleen Wallace, St. Paul; 

Cheryl Heide, New Ulm. 

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2002 3

LETTERS 

^We need predators so we can remember where 

we came from. ^ ^ 

Jayne Arendt-VerHelst 

We, the Readers 

In regard to "Not the Right Readers?" and 

"Subsidizing Destruction" (Letters, May- 

June): While I feel the editors do a good 

job of selecting a cross section of opinions, 

I believe they have failed this time. The 

rhetoric you elevated to the lead letters 

seems to assume that we, the readers of the 

Volunteer, are all left-wing extremists. I do 

not subscribe to the notion that man is to 

blame. Your charter says it best: "A donorsupported 

magazine advocating conservation 

and wise use of Minnesota's natural 

resources." Please don't change. 

Daryl Fuerstenberg 

Beaver Creek 

More Than the Sound 

If it were only the distant sound or the 

sight of a snowmobile or an OHV sharing 

a logging road ("Does Not Ruin My Day," 

Letters, July-August), one's day would 

not be ruined. 

Sharing the woods on trails that are as 

wide as a highway because of OHV 

destruction or skiing on trails that have 

been destroyed by snowmobiles—these 

experiences bother me. 

Restrict OHVs to trails, require fourstroke 

engines, enforce the laws, follow 

the rules, and let's try to all get along. 

William Schroedl 

Hopkins 

L, 

Petrified Forest 


Whose Bad Behavior? 

The people who keep writing to gripe 

about the evils of snowmobiling and offroad 

vehicles really chap my hide. I enjoy 

hiking and horseback riding as well as 

motorcycling and snowmobiling. It's individuals 

who are disrespectful and not any 

one particular outdoor activity. Bad 

behavior belongs to the individual. 

Heidi Juhnke 

Lake Park 

Yes, Cougars 

1 enjoyed reading "Why Not Cougars?" 

(Viewpoint, July-August). When one looks 

at Minnesota's expanses of SNA, WMA, 

state park, and state forest, it's hard to 

believe that there are no cougars in this state. 

Last summer I had a cougar encounter here 

in rural Isanti County. One night I awoke to 

the dogs barking like crazy and I shone a 

spotlight in the yard. There, crouching next 

to the field, was a cougar. The next morning 

I woke up to find all 20 of our free-ranging 

chickens gone; all that remained were a few 

bloody piles of feathers. There were cougar 

tracks all over the place. We called our local 

conservation officer, and he said bluntly: 

"There are no cougars in Minnesota." I 

know what I saw, and it definitely wasn't a 

house cat. 

Jason Frank 

Isanti 

Several years ago walking by the old Cedar 

Avenue bridge, my husband turned to me 

and said, "Did you happen to see that 

weird animal?" He said it looked like a 

mountain lion. Naturally, when you see 

such a rare animal in Bloomington, your 

brain doesn't want to believe it. The next 

day on the news there were reports of a 

cougar seen near the Mall of America. 

I think the police who recently shot a 

cougar in Bloomington made the wrong 

decision. That cat probably had many 

opportunities to kill humans or pets and 

did not. Cougars have been moving up 

and down the river valley for many years. 

They haven't eaten anyone yet. They have 

an ample supply of deer to eat. 

We need predators so we can remember 

where we came from; they make us realize 

we are not always the superior animal. 

When I vacation where there are predators, 

I say, "If a grizzly or mountain lion 

kills and eats me, it's my own fault for 

invading its territory." A lot of people will 

think this view is outrageous, but why be a 

person who dies in a car crash or fire or of 

cancer? When you get to the pearly gates 

and they ask what took you out, you can 

say, "Not just anything—It was a mountain 

lion!" 

Jayne Arendt-VerHelst 

Bloomington 

No Cougars 

We sure don't need cougars in Minnesota. 

People who want cougars never think 

about farmers who have to put up with 

them. They have killed people in other 

states. What's wrong with these people? 

Albert Meyer 

Mora 

Write to Us 

We welcome your comments. We'll edit 

letters as needed for accuracy, style, and 

length. Send your letter and a daytime 

phone number to Letters, Minnesota 

Conservation Volunteer, 500 Lafayette 

Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4046. E-mail: 

kathleen.weflen@dnr.state.mn.us 


Wildlife Watchers 

Wildlife watching is more 

popular in Minnesota than 

in any other state besides 

Vermont, according to preliminary 

results of a new 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

survey. The 2001 survey 

shows that 54 percent 

of Minnesota citizens participate 

in birdwatching, 

wildlife photography, and 

related activities. In the 

process, they spend $523.5 

million—a 36.6 percent 

increase from 1996. 

Waterfowler 

Help Wanted 

Waterfowl hunters can help 

keep habitat healthy by 

taking a few minutes to clear 

clinging vegetation and 

critters from boats and 

decoys when leaving a lake. 

This will slow the spread of 

exotic species such as 

Eurasian watermilfoil and 

zebra mussels, which can 

seriously harm waterways. 

State Park Sing-Along 

Tap your toes to Minnesota state park tunes. 

Folk singer Charlie Maguire's recently released 

CD, Stepping Stones, contains 15 of his parks-based 

ballads and a new song celebrating the opening 

of Itasca State Park's Jacob V. Brower Visitor 

Center. For purchasing information, contact the 

DNR Information Center, listed on page 77. 

FIELD NOTES 

Researchers Track 

Deer on the Move 

Most white-tailed deer are homebodies, but there are 

occasional oddballs. Case in point: In the DNR's ongoing 

study of white-tailed deer in Minnesota's farmland, 

researchers have determined that most deer ranged no 

more than five miles. But one deer moved 127 miles, from 

Redwood Falls to Oldman, S.D. Said DNR deer researcher 

Chris DePerno, "We really can't explain why." 

The study, launched in 2000 in the southeast and 

2001 in the southwest, will be conducted for five years 

in each region. Biologists hope to determine the 

factors that influence movement, mortality, and 

survival of whitetails—Minnesota's most popular 

game species. 

The results of the study will help biologists better 

manage whitetails in farmland, and will affect the 

number of antlerless deer permits offered to hunters, 

said DePerno, who is overseeing the research with the 

help of two graduate students from South Dakota 

State University. 

The DNR hired a professional wildlife 

capture company that used a helicopter 

to net 57 deer in southeastern Minnesota. 

DNR biologists then tagged and radiocollared 

them in a nearby field. A year 

later, they captured 58 deer in southwestern 

Minnesota. To date, 166 deer 

have been captured. 

The research is labor intensive. For 

each captured deer, biologists collect 

a blood sample, put a numbered tag 

in each ear, place a radio collar 

around the neck, and inject the 

animal with antibiotics to guard 


against infections from any cuts that occurred during 

capture. 

The goal is to monitor each deer's movement, ascertain 

seasonal survival rates, and determine how 

nonhunting mortality such as deer-vehicle accidents and 

predation affect deer populations in both regions. 

While long-term conclusions cannot be drawn until 

the study is completed, DePerno did offer the following 

insights: 

• Mortality causes: Of the 166 deer captured, 48 have 

died. Firearms and archery hunters killed 23. Car collisions 

killed nine. Other causes of death included predation, 

wounding losses of deer shot by hunters but never 

retrieved, disease, and poaching. 

• Seasonal movements: Southeastern deer are making 

seasonal home-range movements of two to three miles, 

while southwestern deer are moving four to five miles. 

The reason: different habitat and land use in the two 

regions. 

• Low predation rates: Though coyotes prey 

on deer, they have killed only four of 166 deer. 

DePerno believes that southwestern coyotes 

are still recovering from a mange outbreak, 

which dramatically cut the population. 

The study, which costs $100,000 a year, 

receives $80,000 annually in general fund 

appropriations from the Legislature. Contributions 

by a consortium of hunting and conservation 

groups make up the balance. 

DePerno said more funding is needed to 

complete the study. To contribute, contact DePerno at 

the Farmland Wildlife Research Center in Madelia, 507- 

642-8478, or chris.deperno@dnr.state.mn.us. 

Anyone who shoots or hits and kills a radio-collared 

deer while driving or finds one dead is asked to contact 

the local DNR office, a conservation officer, or DePerno. 

Tori J. McCormick 

free-lance writer, Red Wing 

more Field Notes on page 78 

x 

SNOW GOOSE 

SWAN 

Goose 

or 

Swan? 

If you're hunting snow 

geese, make sure the bird in 

your sights isn't a swan 

instead. Swans, which are 

protected from hunting, are 

much larger than snow 

geese have proportionately 

longer necks, and lack black 

wingtips. 

Teach Your Children Well 

Kits containing hands-on materials to 

help schoolteachers, scout leaders, 

and others teach children about birdwatching, 

loons, wolves, wetlands, 

animal tracks, exotic species, and 

other topics are available for free loan 

or for rent from a variety of environmental 

education organizations 

around the state. Contact the DNR 

Information Center, listed on page 77. 

Wee Tree Book 

It fits in your back pocket 

and tells you how to identify 

93 tree species you might 

encounter in Minnesota. 

Trees of Minnesota 

Field Guide, 

by Stan Tekiela, is available 

in bookstores, or call Adventure 

Publications, 

800-678-7006. 


'NATURAL CURIOSITIES^44^"^"^4"^' 

Collared doves ... treaty grounds ... robin habits ... 

deer behavior ... buckthorn... noisy woodpile 

^??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»' 

Q. A few years ago, I read the field 

note in the Volunteer about collared 

doves seen in Carver County. Would 

you have any information about this 

dove? 

Gloria Krueger 

Jordan 

A. This nonnative species probably got 

its start in the Americas when captive birds 

were released in the Bahamas in the 1970s. 

The doves eventually made their way to 

Florida and have been spreading ever since. 

According to Steve Stucker of DNR 

Minnesota County Biological Survey, the 

first recorded sighting in Minnesota was 

April 1998 in Ortonville. According to the 

Minnesota Ornithologists' Union, as of 

July 2001, the doves have been reported in 

nine counties in the southern half of the 

state, as well as in Roseau County on the 

Canadian border. 

Q . A location near Pillager used to be 

marked on road maps as Indian treaty 

grounds. My stepbrother and stepsister 

used to walk to that spot to look for 

arrowheads. Why was it called treaty 

grounds? Was there a connection with 

the Pillager band of Indians? 

William Schackman 

Pillager 

A, The site you're thinking of is probably 

the former Chippewa Agency, located at 

the confluence of the Gull and Crow Wing 

rivers, says cultural resources specialist 

Ron Miles. The agency served as the official 

link between the federal government 

and the Pillager Band of Mississippi Ojibwe 

from 1851 to 1869. It also was a stopping 

point for travelers on the Red River 

oxcart route between Pembina and St. 

Paul, as well as for those traveling between 

the settlements of Crow Wing and Gull 

Lake. It was probably called "Indian treaty 

grounds" because the reservation on 

which the agency sat was established by 

treaty. Miles notes that near this site 

renowned Ojibwe leader Hole-in-the-Day 

II was ambushed and killed by members of 

his own tribe in 1868. 

Q . I would like to know about the 

normal habits of robins. We had a 

resident robin all last winter. It ate 

sunflower seeds and dry dog food we 

put out for the blue jays. It also liked the 

water dish we put out for birds. We 

thought robins ate only worms! 

Donna Barker 

Pengilly 

A, The mild winter gave your visitor no 

cause to leave, says DNR wildlife educator 

Jan Welsh. In fact, many folks reported 

robins stuck around last year. Usually 

considered to be worm eaters, robins also 

eat fruits, berries, seeds, insects, apple 

slices, popcorn, and raisins at bird feeders. 

Q. While hiking in a central Minnesota 

forest in May, a friend and I stumbled 


upon three white-tailed deer. The one 

obvious male chased the other two until 

one ran away. Then he mounted the 

remaining deer four or five times, for 

five to 10 seconds at a time. Since deer 

mate in the fall, is there a logical explanation 

for this? 

Michael Brakke 

Deephaven 

A. In the deer family, mounting behavior 

is a relatively common expression of 

dominance, even between same-gender 

animals, says DNR deer expert Mark 

Lenarz, although it's unlikely a deer 

would let another mount it for as long as 

you describe. Another (less likely) possibility 

is that the mounted animal was a 

doe in heat. If a doe is not impregnated 

during the normal rut in early November, 

she will come back into heat a month 

later. Lenarz has heard of a few instances 

of does in heat in early February. 

Q . I appreciated the story on buckthorn 

(July-August 1998). We have been 

eradicating it ever since. I see people in 

Minneapolis have it in their yards as 

hedges. What can be done about it? 

Elaine Malakowsky 

Chaska 

A, From a legal standpoint not much, 

says DNR exotic species program coordinator 

Jay Rendall. The Minnesota Department 

of Agriculture has designated 

common and glossy buckthorn as restricted 

noxious weeds. That means you cannot 

import, sell, or transplant them. There's 

no law against having them in your yard. 

From a neighborly standpoint, however, 

there's a lot concerned citizens can do. 

Some people just don't realize that what 

they think is a harmless landscape plant in 

reality is a fast-spreading threat to native 

vegetation. Those "in the know" can help 

fight this foe by starting an education or 

eradication program in their neighborhoods. 

For suggestions on how to do so, 

see Buckthorn Bust Neighborhood Guide at 

www.ci.stpaul.us/depts/parks/buckthorn/ 

buckthorn_index.htm. 

Q. One evening last fall, we heard 

crunching in the woodpile at our cabin. 

Beneath the bark of a log we found a 

larva about 2 inches long with large 

mandibles and a white, pleated body. 

What was it? 

Paul Hamilton 

Delano 

A, Most likely a long-horned beetle 

larva, says DNR ecologist Robert Dana. 

Members of this family lay their eggs in 

bark. When they hatch, the larvae eat the 

wood beneath. Adult longhorns usually 

have thin bodies and long antennae. 

Their color varies from species to species. 

Ask Us 

Send your questions to Natural Curiosities, 

Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, 500 

Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4046, 

or send e-mail to naturalcuriosities

VOLUNTEER SUPPORTERS 

Many thanks to [All of You 

— T e v e r y Volunteer reader who gave to our spring fund drive: 

4 | Your gifts of nearly $597,000 will cover the entire cost of printing and 

JL mailing six issues a year to more than 125,000 subscribers, including all 

public schools and libraries in Minnesota. We gratefully acknowledge the following 

supporters who gave gifts of $50 or more from March through June. 

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LARRY BETCHER 

RANDY BETCHER 

MIKE BETCHWARS 

MIKE BEUNINC 

KENNETH T. BIEBL 

LARRY BIEDERMAN 

KULLEN BIRKELAND 

DR. THOMAS G. BIRKEY 

PEC BIRSE 

JAMES BISCHOFF 

ROBERT A. BISEK 

ERNIE BISHOP 

JAMES BISS 

ROBERT BIXBY 

VIVIAN BIXLER 

ROBERT BJORCUM 

GLEN BLACK 

BLACK PINE BEACH 

RESORT 

OLIVIA H. BLACKBURN 

DALE BLACKWOOD 

JOAN BLAKE 

RICHARD BLENKUSH 

STEVE BLESKACEK 

BRIAN BLOCH 

GREG BLOCK 

BUD AND SUE BLOMQUIST 

CHARLES H. BLOMQUIST 

MARIE Y. BLOMQUIST 

GALEN G. BLOMSTER 

DONALD R. BLOWERS 

ROBERT BLUE 

H. THOMAS BLUM 

DICK BLUTH 

SHARON D. BOBCAN 

GARY R. BOCHE 

JIM BOCK 

GARY BODIE 

JODY BOEDIGHEIMER 

ROBERT BOEHLKE 

GREGORY H. BOEHMER SR. 

VERN BOETTCHER 

JOHN AND JANET BOHAN 

DALE BOHLKE 

JAMES BOHRER 

DONNA M. BORCHARDT 

NANCY BORCHARDT 

SCOTT BORCEN 

KEVIN BORGERT 

KAREN BOROS 

DR. ROBERT BOSL 

CARL BOTZ 

GARY BOTZEK 

CHRISTOPHER L. BOUGIE 

JUDY BOVEE 

CHARLOTTE BOVI 

ED BOWLER 

R.E. BOWMAN 

JIM AND RUTH BOWYER 

BRUCE BOYEA 

MICHAEL T. BOYLE 

JIM AND MARY BOYNTON 

JAMES W. BRAASCH 

JOHN BRAJDICH 

GARY BRAMA 

MIKE BRAMA 

RUTH BRANDEL 

JIM BRANDENBURG 

KRISTI AND BOB BRANDT 

MICHAEL K. BRANDT 

RONALD BRANSHAW 

WILLIAM BRASCUGLI 

BRAUN INTERTEC 

BURMA BREKKE 

MERVIN L. BRENKE 

DOUG AND KAREN 

BREWERS 

ANN C. BREY 

DONALD S. BREYEN 

BOB BREZINSKI 

JAMES BRICHER 

C. HENRY BRIMMER 

JOHN BRINK 

DAN AND PAT BROCKTON 

BROKEN ARROW RESORT 

KIRSTEN BROMAGHIM 

CINDY BROMAN 

CHARLOTTE BROOKER 

DANIEL BROOKS 

MARILYN BROOKS 

DONALD BROSTROM 

PAUL H. BROWN 

PAUL AND NANCI BROWN 

PETER AND R.JANE BROWN 

RICHARO AND NANCY 

BRUBAKER 

WESLEY BRUEMMER 

MRS. WILLIAM BRUESTLE 

GARY BRUNKOW 

FRED AND MARI BRUNO 

SALLY BRUTGER 

LORENS BRYNESTAD 

ALLEN J. BUBASH 

JOE BUCHHOLTZ 

RONALD BUDD 

LARRY BUDNIK 

JAMES A. BUELOW 

CHES BUKSA 

MIKE AND KIM BULGER 

ROBERT BULGER 

MICHAEL P. BULLIS 

FRANK J. BURESH 

RANDALL BURG 

JOSEPH BURGOYNEJR. 

PATTY BURKE 

JIM BURMEISTER 

J.W. BURNETT 

HAROLD H. BURROWS 

DICK BURT 

LES BURT 

JOSEPH BUSCH 

DAVID F. BUSSMAN 

CYNTHIA CAHILL 

KEVIN M. CAHILL 

ROBERT B. CAMERON 

MR. AND MRS. D. KELLY 

CAMPBELL 

HELEN M. CAMPBELL 

JAMES R. CAMPBELL 

JERRY CAMPSELL 

VIRGINIA CANN 

WILLIAM M. CANNON 

DR.TERRANCE D. 

CAPISTRANT 

DON CARLSEN 

BERTYLW. CARLSON 

BRUCE CARLSON 

JOHN W. CARLSON 

LEE R. CARLSON 

MARTIN CARLSON 

OSCAR CARLSON 

ROBERT L. CARLSON 

ROGER CARLSON 

SARA JANE CARLSON 

TOM 

CARLSON 

WILLIAM A. CARLSON 

CANDY AND GREG 

CARLSTROM 

GAY CARPENTER 

CHARLES E. CARROLL 

DR. ROBERT G. CARTER 

DANIEL S. CASH 

R.P. CASHMAN 

ROSS P. CASS 

STEPHAN CASSAVANT 

JIM AND CAROL CASSELL 

MARY AND DON 

CASTELLANO 

CHARLES CATHCART 

CEDAR POINT RESORT 

JACK CEDARLEAF 

JIMMY G. CEDARLEAF 

DUANE D. CEKALLA 

D. MAE CERYES 

JOHN A. CHAMBERLAIN 

JILL CHAO 

JAMES D. CHAPDELAINE 

WENDY CHAPDELAINE 

MAC CHATFIELD 

JEAN M. CHESLEY 

LUCILLE I. CHILSON 

CHISHOLM SPORTSMEN'S 

CLUB 

ANDREW CHRISTENSEN 

C.H. CHRISTENSEN 

DON E. CHRISTENSEN 

NEIL CHRISTENSEN 

ANDERS J. CHRISTENSON 

ANN AND JOHN 

CHRISTENSON 

DEBBIE CHRISTENSON 

CHURCH OF SAINT ANNE 

CITY OF BLOOMINGTON, 

JILL BOL 

KRIESEL BROTHERS 

CARLSON FAMILY 

CITY PLANNING 

FLOYD BOLIN 

BARRY AND ROBERTA 

CAROL J. BROTZLER 

BILL AND RAEANN 

CLIFFORD CARLSON 

DANIEL CARLSON 

DR. C.E. CLAPP 

GREGORY AND LAURIE 

BONOFF 

GEORGE BOOMER 

DONALD BOOS 

JULIE BOOTH 

RUSSELL BOOTH 

BROWN 

DONALD R. BROWN 

JEFF BROWN ANDJACKIE 

BUTTELL 

MICHAELJ. BROWN 

GEORGE H. CARLSON 

GREG CARLSON 

HERBERT S. CARLSON 

MR. AND MRS. JACK G. 

CARLSON 

CLARK 

ALISON J. CLARKE 

GLORIA CLASSEN 

PHIL CLAUSEN 

C.C. CLAWSON 


Many 


'Thanks 

JOHN W. CLAYTON 

MICHAEL CLAYTON 

LAWRENCE M. CLEMENS 

EUGENE CLEMENT 

CHARLES E. CLYNE 

JOAN COCHRAN 

BARBARA A. COFFIN 

DAVE COLBURN 

THOMAS COLENSO 

JOHN COLFORD 

ALAN COLLIANDER 

AL COLLING 

JAMES A. COLLINGE 

K.A. COLLOPY 

HELEN L. COMNICK 

ROGER CONGUR 

WILLIAM AND JO 

CONNORS 

MICHAEL CONROY 

PETER CONZEMIUS 

C.W. COOK 

ROBERT R. COOK 

JAMES AND BARBARA 

COPELAND 

ED CORAZALLA 

DAN AND MICKEY 

CORCORAN 

ALLEN F. CORDS 

LEE D. CORNELL 

BARRY COSENS 

RONALD K. COTA 

JACK COTTER 

JEFF COTTLE 

PAUL AND PAM 

COUGH LAN 

JAMES A. COULTER 

COUNTRY HEARTH 

BREADS 

SALLY COUNTRYMAN 

CHRIS AND MARY 

COVERT 

ELIZABETH H. COWIE 

RICHARD AND MARY 

ELLEN COX 

RONALD C. COX 

LANNIE CRAGG 

JUDY CRAWFORD 

KIMM AND BARB 

CRAWFORD 

LYDIA CRAWFORD 

ROBERT CRAWFORD 

MELINDA I. CRESS 

TIM C. CRICHTON 

CARL A. CRONE 

ELLIE CROSBY 

THERESA CROSBY 

JOHN CROWLEY 

MARION J. CURRY 

HARLAN L. CURTIS 

EDWARD A. CZAPLICKI 

DONALD CZECH 

FREDERICK AND JOANNE 

CZESWIK 

RICHARD H. DAAS 

KAREEN AND LEE DABY 

JOSEPH AND BETTY 

DADDARIO 

DONALD A. DAHL 

JIM DAHL 

WALTER E. DAHL 

JEFF DAHLBERG 

JIM DAHLBERG 

DEAN AND DONNA 

DAHLVANG 

DR. MELVIN E. DALE 

PAUL DALE 

F.W. DALLESKA 

EUGENE H. DALY 

JAN DAMSCHEN 

JOHN R. DAN 

GREGORY DANIELS 

DONALD B. DAUMAN 

DUANE DAUNER 

CHERYL DAVIDSON 

GRETCHEN D. DAVIDSON 

GREGG DAVIES 

KATHRYN DAVIES 

CHARLES DAVIS 

DENNY DAVIS 

JOAN F. DAVIS 

JOY DAVIS 

P. "Gus" DAVIS FAMILY 

DON DAVISON 

JOE AND SUE DAVISON 

LOWELL A. DAY 

RICHARD M. DAY 

DOUGLAS J. DAYTON 

JOHN DEBEE 

GAIL K. DEBOER 

JIM DECKER 

PAMELA M. DEERWOOD 

BRET DEGEER 

ART A. DEHN 

LAMONTE DEHN 

BRUCE AND MARY 

DEINKEN 

DIKE E. DEITCHLER 

HANS AND LYNNE 

DEKKER 

GARY DEMRO 

DOLORES AND IONE 

DENAULT 

MRS. PAUL DENNY 

GORDON DENTINGER 

FRANK A. DESHLER 

PAMELA DESNICK 

WARREN AND MARILYN 

DETERS 

MICHAEL N. DEUTSCH 

LUPE DEWEY 

JOHN DEWOLF 

ADOLPH DEY 

ROBERT DICK 

THEODORE DICK 

TOM AND LINDA 

DICKOVICH 

SARAH DIEBEL 

GLENN A. DIEDRICH 

ALFRED S. DIEHL 

RONALD DIEKEN 

LINDA S. DIELEMAN 

PHILIP W. DIERS 

PAULJ. DIETHELM 

CAROLYN J. DINDORF 

LOUIS DOERING 

WARREN DOESKEN 

PETER DOLEY 

KEN DOMAGALLA 

MARY DONAHUE 

JEAN DONALDSON 

MELISSA DONKERS 

DANIEL H. DONNELLY 

TERRY DONOVAN 

PATRICK J. DOOLEY 

DONALD DORN 

MYRNA G. DORRANCE 

HILARIE DORSEY 

MARY D. DOSE 

AL DOUGLAS 

JIM DOWSON 

DR. ROBERT M. DRAKE 

COLLEEN P. DREW 

CHARLES A. DRIVER 

RON DRUDE 

DOROTHY DRUMMOND 

PAT DU BOIS 

DAVID J. DUBA 

MICHAELJ. DUBAY 

DUANE DUDEN 

JULIE ANN DUEHRING 

HELEN F. DUFNER 

ROBERT A. DUGAN 

DICK AND SALLY DUNCAN 

ROBERT R. DUNCAN 

Russ AND SARA DUNCAN 

ROBERT DUNN 

EVELYN DUNNING 

MICHELE DUNNING 

ALLEGRA S. DUNPHY 

KEN DUSBABEK 

STEVEN DUSBABEK 

P.C. DUSSOL 

THOMAS T. DWICHT 

BUCK DWYER 

JAY DYBDAHL 

BOBBI JO DZIUK 

EAGLES NEST RESORT 

DAVID L. EARP 

LYNN C. EATON 

RALPH D. EBBOTT 

ROBERT AND GRACE 

ECKERT 

JOYCE ECKES 

STEVE AND LINDA 

ECKMAN 

DONNA L. EDDY 

JOHN EDER 

MARVIN L. EDIGER 

JOYCE EDSTROM 

JERRY AND CAROLE 

EDWARDS 

MICHAEL EGGERT 

GILBERT L. EIAN 

HARRY EICHSTAEDT 

GENE EICKHOFF 

LISA AND CRAIG 

EICKMAN 

ANNE AND DAVE EIDE 

DAVID ANO AROIS EIDE 

DOROTHY M. EIDE 

PETER EIKELAND 

CAROL EISENBRAUN 

JERRY L. EITREIM 

WILLIAM B. ELDREDGE 

JOHN ELFELT 

ELGIN COURT ASSOC. 

BURNETTE ELI 

WESLEY ELLIS 

ELLISON FAMILY 

JAMES G. ELLSWORTH 

DON EMBRETSON 

L.W. EMERSON 

JOHN C. ENBLOM 

DR. MARY LEE ENFIELD 

BRUCE AND LIZA ENG 

PATRICK ENG 


to tM oj You 

ENGAN ARCHITECTS 

DUANE ENGBARD 

SCOTT W. ENGELMAN 

V.C. ENGER 

VIRGINIA ENGLE 

ROGER A. ENGNELL 

WAYNE AND LINDA 

ENGSTRAND 

GEORGE ERBST 

RAY D. ERDAL 

ARNOLD ERGEN 

ALLEN L. ERICKSON 

CHRIS ERICKSON 

DAVID AND JERILYN 

ERICKSON 

KEITH ERICKSON 

LANCE J. ERICKSON 

LARRY R. ERICKSON 

MARILYN ERICKSON 

MRS. ROBERT ERICKSON 

STEVE L. ERICKSON 

VERNON D. ERICKSON 

WARD A. ERICKSON 

JODIE ERIKSON AND 

SANDFORD MCDONALD 

JAMES L. ERKEL 

ROBERTJ. ERKKILA 

DONNA ERNSTER 

RONALD A. ERPELDING 

KURT ESTENSON 

PAT EUSTICE 

LAURA EVANS 

STANLEYJ. EVANS 

ADELAIDE EVENSON 

WILLIAM B. EVERETT 

DOUG AND GINNY 

EWALD 

DR. JEFFREY A. EWALD 

JULIE EWERT 

DONALD J. FACTOR 

CONNIE FALDET 

FARIBAULT SENIOR HIGH 

SCHOOL 

RAYMOND J. FARM 

KEN FASTNER 

JAMES F. FAUE 

E.F. FAULHABER 

ANNA FAUST 

EILLEENE FAWCETT 

RON AND MARY 

FEATHERSTON 

WILLIAM C. FEIGAL 

PERCY FELDTEN 

JIM FELKER 

JAMES 

FELKNOR 

SHARI FELLESON 

KAY FELLOWS 

BRIAN FERCH 

BOB FERNANDEZ 

KATIE FERNHOLZ 

BURTON D. FERRIER 

TOM 

FERRIS 

DR. E.R. FERTIG 

CARL E. FESKE 

REV. LOREN FEVIG 

DAVID FILPULA 

DENNIS FINLAY 

JOHN FISCH 

PETER A. FISCHER 

ROBERT D. FISCHER 

MIKE FISH 

CARRIE L. FISHER 

R.Z. FISHER 

ANN FITCH 

MICHAEL R. FIX 

TERRI FJOSNE 

ROBERT J. FLADUNG 

TERRY FLAHERTY 

CINDY AND JOHN 

ANN L. FLANAGAN 

MERRY 

FLANAGAN 

RODNEY FLANNIGAN 

RICHARD N. FLINT 

GREG FLOR 

ANNE 

FLORENZANO 

DAVID A. FOLEY 

FLAKNE 

BOB AND BARB FOLLMER 

ROGER FORESTER 

BARB FORRESTER 

WALTER D. FORSBERG 

LARRY FORSYTH E 

ERIC FOSS 

RODNEY AND SUE FOSS 

EDWIN 

FOSSEN 

JAMES P. FOSSUM 

RICHARD AND 

KATHARINE FOURNIER 

STEPHANIE 

FOX 

RICK AND DENISE 

STEPHEN 

ERAN 

LELANDJ. 

FRANK 

FRANKEL 

PETER FRANTA 

FRANKMAN 

KATHLEEN FRANZEN 

SCOTT AND BARBARA 

FRASER 

FRAME 

THOMAS J. FREDERICKS 

GARY AND ELAINE 

FREDRICK 

DICK AND ELLEN 

FREEBERG 

JANE C. FREEMAN 

TIMOTHY FREEMAN 

DEAN R. FREITAG 

WILLIAM B. FRELS 

BRAND AND VYCKI 

FRENTZ 

MRS. RICHARD L. 

FRENZEL 

MIKE FRICH 

PETER AND CHRIS 

FRIEDLIEB 

BERNARD P. FRIEL 

CLINT FRITTER 

ERNEST FROSETH 

GEORGE FROST 

WAYNE AND LEA FROST 

DARYL FUERSTENBERG 

KEN AND LOIS FULTZ 

CARL AND EVELYN FUNK 

RONALD E. GAARDER 

GILBERT GABANSKI 

MELISSA GACKSTETTER 

JOHN GADDO 

GARY GAIDA 

ALFRED P. GALE 

SCOTT GALE 

TERRY AND CINDY GALER 

MIKE GALLAGHER 

JAMES B. GALLEA 

TOM GALLION 

SUZANNE GALLOWAY 

KEN GANGL 

LYNN GANNON 

LEE GANZ, CPA 

TOM GARD 

MARK W. GARDNER 

DR. E.F. GARNER 

JOHN GASSERT 

EUGENE GAZELKA 

ELLA GEARDINK 

GARY G. GEODE 

KATHIE GEIGER 

DR. JAMES A. GELBMANN 

JOANNE GELLERMAN 

RONALD E. GELLERMAN 

MILFORD GENTZ 

DAVID GERDES 

STACY A. GERDES 

EUGENE GERE 

GARY GERST 

JOHN GERSTER 

JUDITH GESCH 

DR. ANTHONY K. GETTEL 

MELVIN J. GETTEN 

HARVEY F. GETZ 

MARK GEYER 

NANCY GIBSON 

JAMES GILBERT 

CAROL AND GRAIG 

GILBERTSON 

GRANT GILBERTSON 

HENRY J. GILLIS 

ANN GILSDORF 

DAREN GISLASON 

DAN GISVOLD 

LARRY GLOCKNER 

ELIZABETH GLOWAC 

MARIAN GLYNN 

RONALD GOCKOWSKI 

DOUGLAS GODWIN 

REV. FRED GOLKE 

EDWARD B. GOOD 

TOM GOODWIN 

ALAN GOSSELL 

JAMES A. GOSSEN 

ERIC GOULLAUD 

KENNETH GRAND 

JOHN H. GRANTNER 

LARRY D. GRAPEVINE 

TIM GRAUPMAN 

JAMES E. GRAUSNICK 

MARY GRAVES 

BRUCE AND SUE GRAY 

R. JEAN GRAY 

JANET C. GREEN 

GEORGE D. GREENFIELD 

CHARLIE GREENMAN 

JACK B. GREENSHIELDS 

SCOTT GREENWALD 

MRS. DOUGLAS GREIG 

LORRAINE GRESSER 

DAVID F. GRETHER 

GREY EAGLE 

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 

ROGER I. GRIFFIN 

SHERMAN C. GRIFFIN 

TOM GRIFFIN 

ALICE E. GRIFFITH 

DAVID GRIFFITH 

HELEN GRIFFITH 

KLYDE GRITZ 

DONALD GRITZMAKER 

DEANNA GROENKE 

JOYCE GRUBER 

KEITH GRUMAN 


13




WENDELL P. GUBRUD 

DR. GEORGE J. HANSEN 

DERRICK 

HEDDLESTEN 

KAREN 

HESSELROTH 

AMY L. GUDMESTAD 

GLENN T. HANSEN 

BRIAN 

HEDLAND 

DAN AND BETH 

SHERYL GUDVANGEN 

HAROLD C. HANSEN 

WILLIAM 

HEER 

HESTETUNE 

STEVE GUDVANGEN 

MICHAEL J. HANSEN 

PATRICK 

HEFFERNAN 

ANN 

HEUSCHELE 

KENNETH S. GUENTHNER 

DR. HARRY J. HANSON 

CARROLL HEFT 

ELL HEUSINKVELD 

JAMES GULDAN 

JOHN H. HANSON 

DAVID W. 

HEGDAHL 

CHESLEY F. HIBBARD 

JUDY AND RON GULDEN 

LONN AND JANE HANSON 

LYLE HEGER 

FRANK A. HILGERS 

DR. GLENN GULLICKSON 

MIKE 

HANSON 

MARJORIE 

HEGLAND 

JAN AND GLENN HILL 

MIKKAL H. GUST 

RICHARD 

HANSON 

MR. AND MRS. MICHAEL 

ATHEEN AND 

MARK 

CHRISTA GUSTAFSON 

GARY W. GUSTAFSON 

VIRGIL R. GUSTAFSON 

DEIDRE AND CHARLES 

GUSTAVSON 

JACK L. GUY 

RICHARD C. GYLFEE 

RICK GYLFEE 

LISA HAAG 

KURT AND CAROL 

HAAKONSON 

BURL W. HAAR 

ED AND CAROLE HAAS 

ALLAN HACKER 

BOB HAEDT 

RICHARD HAGBERG 

ALAINA HAGEN 

S.L. HAGEN 

BOB HAGSTROM 

ROGER HAHN 

MARK AND KATHRYN 

HAIDET 

PAUL HAINES 

GERALD L. HAIRE 

WILLIAM HAKALA 

ERICK Y. HAKANSON 

GEORGE HAKOMAKI 

E.L. HALDORSON 

DAVID HALEY 

ROY E. HALVERSON JR. 

CHESTER HALVORSON 

MURIEL V. HALVORSON 

ROBERT AND JANET 

HAMILTON 

FRED AND MYRNA 

HAMMER 

WILL HAMMOND 

STEVE HAMNER 

PAM AND BILL HANGGI 

JERRY HANKINS 

YVONNE AND PAT 

HANLEY 

DAVID C. HANSEN 

DUANE C. HANSEN 

DUANE T. HANSEN 

RODNEY AND DIANE 

HANSON 

ROLAND D. HANSON 

VERNON HANSON 

LYLE HANZAL 

JIM AND THERESA HARA 

CINDY HARDEL 

GLENN HARLE 

JAY D. HARRIS 

JOHN AND HELEN HARRIS 

SYDNEY HARRISON 

ELSIE HARTER 

THOMAS W. HARTHO 

MARVIN R. HARTNECK 

DONALD J. HARTWIG 

ROBERT L. HARTZELL 

RICHARD H. HARVEY 

DR. JOHN HASBROUCK 

PAT HASELHORST 

JIM HASELMANN 

KATHLEEN HASS 

LYNN HASS 

LOIS F. HASSETT 

MR. AND MRS. ANTON 

HASTAD 

DEBRA HAUGE 

OLIVER HAUGO 

RICHARD HAUS 

MARY AND LOUIS 

HAUSER 

PETER L. HAUSER 

SALLY A. HAUSKEN 

A.E. HAUWILLER 

RANDALL AND JO HAVEL 

TERRY A. HAWKENSON 

MRS. HAROLD HAWKINS 

BRET HAWKINSON 

DAYTON HAWKINSON 

WILLIAM F. HAWKINSON 

BERNELLE HAY 

MICHAEL HAY 

DAVID HAYES 

JO HAYNIE 

STEWART HAZEL 

JOHN F. HEALY 

HEILING 

JOHN B. HEIMKES 

ELLEN HEINE 

RICHARD HEINE 

RICHARD J. HEINEN 

FRANCES HEINSELMAN 

DON HEINTZ 

JOHN P. HEINTZ 

DUANE HEITZ 

MARK HEITZ 

JOHN A. HELLAND 

RANDALL H. HELLAND 

CHARLOTTE HELSETH 

DEAN AND MONICA 

HELTEMES 

DON HEMAUER 

JOHN HEMZA 

KARL F. HENDEL 

HARLEY HENDRICKSON 

HARVEY HENDRICKSON 

PAULINE HENDRICKSON 

ROGER HENDRICKSON 

BRUCE HENDRY 

JOHN R. HENEMAN 

BRADLEY HENKE 

MERVLE HENKE 

ROGER E. HENKE 

STEVE AND NANCY 

HENKE 

DONALD M. 

HENKEMEYER 

HENNING ROD & GUN 

CLUB INC. 

RAY HENNINGSON 

JOHN HENNUM 

LEROY HERMAN 

MARIE HERMAN 

JOSEPH F. HERRICK 

MRS. CHARLES 

HERRMANN 

WARREN R. HERSHNER 

L.J. HERTZOG 

BOB HERZBERG 

GORDON R. HESS 

THOMAS R. HESS 

HILLS 

LOUIS P. HINIKER JR. 

LARRY AND PAT HINK 

ALDEN HIRSCH 

GERALD HOBBS 

JAMES HOBBS 

SUE HODDER 

FRANZ HOEFFERLE 

LEONARD C. HOEFT 

ALAN HOEKSTRAS 

BRUCE HOEM 

JIM HOESCHEN 

GENE HOFF 

MARK HOFFER 

PAUL C. HOFFER 

DAVID HOFFMAN 

JOHN F. HOFFMAN 

MARY HELEN HOFFMAN 

OLIVER HOFFMAN 

RODNEY HOFFMAN 

ROSE HOFFMANN 

B. HOFSCHULTE 

RICHARD J. HOGAN 

DR. RAN DAHL HOGHAUG 

JAMES HOLLENBECK 

DR. WILLIAM 

HOLLINSHEAD 

ALICE HOLM 

JOHN D. HOLM 

KEN HOLMBECK 

DR. JEFFREY HOLMGREN 

JAY AND SUZANNE 

HOLTZ-LYONS 

HOLY NAME PARISH 

DEAN HONETSCHLAGER 

DARRELL K. HONZA 

STANLEY B. HOOPER 

MRS. ROBERT R. HOOVER 

BARBARA A. HOPE 

ALLAN HOPKE 

BRIAN C. HOPPE 

FRED W. HOPPE 

MARK D. HORA 

RICHARD R. HORECKA 

WAYNE L. HORNICEK 


to tfll of You 

FRANK J. HORVATH 

LESA HOSECK 

DALE B. HOSTAD 

RICHARD L. HOTCHKISS 

THERESA HOUDEK 

KRISTIN HOULE 

KATHLEEN HOUSMAN 

SHEROL HOWARD 

MARY HOWARD-VIERECK 

BARBARA HOWELL 

DENNIS HOYNE 

TOM AND LISA HOYNE 

SETH HOYT 

GERALD AND WANDA 

HOYUM 

RAYMER AND LOUISE 

HOYUM 

JAY HROMATKA 

CHARLES J. HUBBARD 

RICHARD AND JOANN 

HUBERTY 

TIMOTHY J. HUDAK 

JIM AND JUDY 

HUDDLESTON 

BILL HUEFNER 

MARLIN F. HUCHES 

MAURICE HUCILL 

FLORETTE HUJANEN 

JIM HULBERT 

JIM AND JEAN 

HUMENIUK 

GWEN L. HUMPHREYS 

JOHN J. HUNT JR. 

LARRY AND DIANNE 

HUNT 

MARSHA HUNTER 

BUCK AND MARY HURSH 

GEORGE M. HUSCHLE 

RUTH HUSOM 

PATRICIA HUSTAD 

LAURA HUSTON 

DR. RICHARD V. HUSTON 

JOHN P. HUTAR 

MICHAEL HUTTNER 

BILL HYDUKOVICH 

CLIFFORD A. HYLDEN 

MRS. HAROLD IBACH 

REV. PAUL R. IDSTROM 

DALE AND KIMBERLIE 

IGNATIUS 

THOMAS AND SUZANNE 

INMAN 

BOB INNES 

AMY ISAACSON 

ROD ISEBRAND 

ELMER ISRAELSON 

MIKE ITZIN 

ALLEN IVERSON 

DR. DANIEL W. IVERSON 

SANDY AND DAN JACOBS 

THOMAS JACOBS 

DAVID JACOBSON 

DOLORES M. JACOBSON 

ERNIE J. JACOBSON 

JOEL D. JACOBSON 

RAEOUN C. JACOBSON 

WILLIAM J. JAKSA 

TOM AND MONA 

JANOCHOSKI 

JERRY AND CATHY 

JANSEN 

JEFF JANSSEN 

STEVEN M.JARVI 

TOM AND PATTI J. 

JEFFREY 

JAMES A. JENNINGS 

BARBARA J.JENSEN 

JENSEN, BELL, 

CONVERSE, AND 

ERICKSON 

GLEN JENSEN 

RON JENSEN 

PAULJENSON 

CARLJESSEN 

ARNOLD W. JOHNSON 

AUDREY M. JOHNSON 

BARBARA A. JOHNSON 

DANIEL D. JOHNSON 

DEAN JOHNSON 

DENNY JOHNSON 

FRANCIS M.JOHNSON 

GREG JOHNSON 

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15



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Continued on paqc jo 


new 

MUSSE 

and try to reintroduce others— 

such as this Higgins' eye pearly 

mussel—in a once nearly dead river.

By DAN 

KELNER 

Photography by DEBORAH ROSE 

19

You wouldn't think the first 

dive of the day would give 

someone who dives every 

day all day the willies, 

would you? It usually 

doesn't—except when it's in the mighty 

and unpredictable Mississippi River, notorious 

for its strong flows, near-zero visibility, 

and potential hazards such as jagged 

trash, drifting trees, and other debris. 

Though we are trained to dive in lowvisibility 

water, all of us on the dive crew 

are tired from diving the previous day. 

Suiting up in our cramped boat, we groan 

and laugh nervously at the prospect of the 

cold, dark water and utter lack of visibility. 

The interns are even more nervous than I 

am. Their previous diving experience was 

in the clear, warm water of the Bahamas. 

Rush-hour traffic hums by on the State 

Highway 5 bridge. Jets take off from nearby 

Minneapolis-St. Paul International 

Airport. As I struggle down the dive ladder 

into the turbid water, my adrenalin 

kicks in and turns my apprehension to 

excitement. I'm suddenly thinking about 

what treasures we might find on this dive. 

Not the typical treasures one thinks about 

diving for, but treasures all the same. 

I grab the dive rope and lower myself 

down—quickly, to keep from swinging in 

the current. The depthfinder shows us in 

only 12 feet of water, but it seems much 

deeper. Finally, I feel my feet and knees 

on the gravel and boulders. I tumble in 

the current before digging my feet in and 

lying on my stomach to keep a low profile 

in the swift water. 

I sweep my hands back and forth 

across the riverbed and out in front to 

protect my head as I crawl upriver in 

complete darkness. My hand touches a 

familiar shape, and I pry a partially buried 

mussel out of the rocky bottom. This one 

is large, maybe the size of a Softball, and 

smooth. Plain pocketbook, I think, and 

toss it into my bag. 

Soon I come into mussels so dense that 

I kneel in one place and drop them into 

DNR mussel meisters Dan Kelner (left) 

and Mike Davis prepare to dive on the 

St. Croix. (High water last spring 

and 

summer kept mussel divers off the 

Mississippi.) Historically, the 

Mississippi 

below St. Anthony Falls and major tributaries 

such as the Minnesota and 

St. 

Croix harbored the Upper Midwest's most 

diverse mussel populations. 


my bag, one after another. Within 20 

minutes, I have more than 100 mussels of 

a dozen different species. Indeed, I have 

found a treasure! 

ONE-TIME VOID. Thirty years ago we 

would have been hard pressed to find a 

handful of live mussels from this stretch 

of the river, hard hit with municipal 

sewage and industrial pollution. Now 

native mussels are returning, a sign water 

quality has improved. In fact, the reach of 

river from the Twin Cities downstream to 

Red Wing, once nearly devoid of aquatic 

life, may now serve as one of the last big 

river mussel refuges in the Midwest. 


(ANOKA 

MINNEAPOLIS 

Lock & Dam #1 

(Ford Dam) ^ 

Coon Rapids Dam 

Upper St. Anthony 

Falls Lock & Dam 

Lower St. Anthony 

Falls Lock & Dam 

ST. PAUL 

STILLWATER 

i Lock & Dam #2 

u(Hastings Dam| 

.HUDSON 

Lake St. Croix 

"St. Croix National 

Scenic Riverway 

Area of Map 

BURNSVILLE* 

Mississippi National River 

and Recreation Area 

HASTINGS 

Lower Grey 

Cloud Island 

Lock & Dam #3 

REDWING* 

Lake 

Pepin J 

0 4 Miles 

Freshwater mussels—also known as 

naiads, clams, or unionids—are large, 

long-lived, bivalve mollusks that often 

form "beds" of many thousands of animals. 

Mussel beds are an important feature 

of healthy rivers and streams in the 

eastern two-thirds of the United States 

Dan Kelner was DNR mussel 

research coordinator. He now works 

for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

St. Paul 

and Canada. In the upper Midwest, mussels 

are most diverse in the Mississippi 

River drainage below St. Anthony Falls. 

Mussels are valuable animals. Fish and 

wildlife eat them. By filtering particles 

from the water for food, they clean it. 

And by stabilizing the substrate, they 

create habitat for vegetation, invertebrates, 

and fish. 

The sedentary and filter-feeding 

lifestyle of mussels makes them sensitive 

to changes in the environment and, therefore, 

excellent monitors of a river's health. 

Unfortunately, many of our rivers and 

streams have been dammed, channelized, 


The author (left) with a collection of mussels 

that will be identified, counted, measured 

(below), aged, and returned to the river. 

Research on the Mississippi between Dayton 

and Red Wing reveals mussels are coming 

back strong in and below the Twin Cities, 

the result of cleaner water and the resurgence 

of many fish species that transport 

mussel larvae. 

dredged, and used as dumping grounds 

for toxic wastes and chemicals. These 

changes, coupled with the exploitation of 

mussels for the pearl button industry, 

have resulted in the extinction or dramatic 

decline of many mussel populations 

throughout North America. 

More recently, the spread of the exotic 

zebra mussel further threatens the survival 

of native mussels. This invasive 

species can colonize the bottom of lakes 

and rivers in such numbers that native 

mussels and other bottom-dwelling animals 

can no longer obtain food and oxygen 

from the water because they are literally 

buried beneath the zebra mussels. 

As a result of all of these pressures, 

groups such as the American Fisheries 

Society and The Nature Conservancy have 

declared freshwater mussels the most 

imperiled group of animals in North 

America. In Minnesota alone, two of the 

48 native species have been extirpated and 

25 are listed for legal protection. Among 

the state's largest rivers, only the St. Croix 

appears to have retained its full complement 

of about 40 mussel species. In 1999 

the DNR began to survey the state's 

streams, to provide baseline data on the 

distribution and abundance of mussels. 

HUMAN NEGLECT. As with most major 

rivers in North America, the Mississippi 

has not been immune to human neglect. 

Since at least 1880, the river and its 

mussels have been affected by overharvest, 

impoundment, erosional silt, 

and pollution. By the 1930s pollution 

was so bad that fish kills in the Mississippi 

River below the Twin Cities were 

common. Overharvest of mussels in the 

23

With cleaner water, and natural and 

human-guided recolonization, the 

mussel population in the Mississippi 

will gradually come to resemble this 

haul of mussels from the St. Croix, 

diverse in age and mix of species.

late 1800s and early 1900s decimated 

many mussel beds. 

Erosional silt from poor land-use practices 

over the past century destroyed habitat, 

suffocated mussels by clogging their 

gills, and smothered entire mussel beds. 

Pollution from sewage and industrial 

wastes, associated with increased urbanization 

along the river, threatened to finish 

off mussels in the reach between the 

Twin Cities and Lake Pepin. (Lake Pepin 

serves as a natural catch basin and spared 

the mussels in the lower reaches of the 

Mississippi River from much of the pollution 

generated upstream.) 

Furthermore, efforts to aid navigation 

transformed the 

free-flowing river 

into a canal by narrowing 

its channel, 

and later, into a 

series of reservoirs 

with the construction 

of locks and 

dams, from the 

1910s through the 1960s. The changes to 

the river degraded habitat and interfered 

with the many mussel species' unusual 

reproductive strategy. Mussel larvae 

encyst (hitchhike) on fish, transform into 

juvenile mussels, then drop to the river 

bottom. This relationship allows mussels 

to be distributed to wherever their hosts 

live or can swim. Dams altered river habitat 

and restricted movement of mussels' 

host fish between pools. 

In the 1970s, the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers conducted a mussel survey and 

found only nine live species at one site 

immediately below the Ford Dam and 

only a few scattered mussels down to Red 

"The outlook for a mussel 

renaissance in this troubled 

reach is extremely 

Wing. No live mussels were found 

between the Ford Dam in St. Paul and St. 

Anthony Falls in Minneapolis. "The outlook 

for a mussel renaissance in this troubled 

reach is extremely poor" and would 

remain so "until radical improvement in 

water quality is accomplished," the corps 

reported at the time. 

RADICAL IMPROVEMENTS. Fortunately, 

there have been radical improvements in 

the quality of water entering the 

Mississippi River. In the late 1970s, citizens 

organized themselves into advocacy 

groups such as Citizens for a Clean 

Mississippi and developed slogans such as 

"we can't all live 

upstream." These 

groups began to 

demand that Twin 

poor." Cities area storm 

sewers and sanitary 

sewers be separated 

to prevent a flood of 

raw sewage from 

entering the river during rainstorms. 

Pressure from citizen groups and a threat 

of a lawsuit by the state of Wisconsin 

eventually led to the separation of these 

systems, beginning in the early 1980s. The 

work is nearly complete. As a result, water 

quality has improved substantially. 

—U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, 1970s 

River biologists first suspected mussels 

were returning to the area with the arrival 

of fish. Walleye, sauger, and smallmouth 

bass began to appear in test nets. Even a 

paddlefish showed up during a survey 

below the Ford Dam. Theoretically, larval 

mussels would be able to arrive on fish of 

various species migrating from lower 

reaches of the Mississippi and from tribu- 


taries such as the St. Croix. Fish could gain 

access to upstream pools during floods 

when the dams' control gates are raised 

clear of the water. Some fish could have 

arrived from stocking activities in lakes 

with outflow to the Mississippi, or by passing 

through the locks. Regardless of the 

mode of recolonization, fish were back. 

But to what degree, if any, had mussels 

accompanied them? A hint came when a 

biologist hired to survey river life for a proposed 

pipeline crossing found a number of 

mussels near Grey Cloud Island. 

To document the potential recovery, the 

DNR mussel survey team took on the 

colossal task of surveying the Mississippi 

River. Armed with a 

half-dozen people We 

and enough SCUBA 

gear and compressed 

air to outfit a dive representing 

shop, we planned to 

obtain base-line data 

on mussel distribution, 

abundance, and diversity. We also 

hoped to determine the extent of zebra 

mussel infestation in the area. 

We dove at many sites for up to two 

hours at a site. That way we could survey 

a wide area in a short time and get a picture 

of what species were present and 

compare how abundant they were from 

site to site. By counting empty shells, 

which can remain for decades after the 

animal dies, we could even determine 

which species once lived at each site. We 

will return to areas that support an abundant 

and diverse mussel community and 

conduct a more thorough investigation to 

get a more accurate description. 

We selected survey sites based on our 

knowledge of mussel habitat preferences 

along the banks, side channels, eddies, 

and wing dams. We avoided the main 

channel, riprap, eroded or unstable 

banks, and areas with high human activity 

such as barge-loading facilities. 

The first dives were done in spring 

2000 near Lower Grey Cloud Island 

downstream from St. Paul. We had been 

accustomed to working in small, relatively 

clear streams, often wading and snorkeling 

in them. Here, we dove in complete 

darkness, sifting through soft sand 

and mud for the hard outlines of a mussel. 

We'd fill our bags and dump the mussels 

out on the bow of the boat before 

sorting them into 

piles by species. 

We found many 

specimens of a state 

endangered species 

called the wartyback. 

river. What a treasure! 

Wartybacks are not 

abundant anywhere. We also found several 

other state-listed species, including 

many juveniles of a species called the rock 

pocketbook. And very few zebra mussels! 

All this, from a stretch of river once written 

off as a dead zone. Our findings were 

soon big news among mussel researchers. 

During 2000 and 2001, we sampled 

nearly 200 sites along an 83-mile stretch 

from Dayton south to Red Wing. We 

spent more than 200 hours scratching, 

crawling, and fighting the current and 

debris, most of the time in complete 

darkness. Rare was the dive site where 

we did not find mussels. Sometimes 

we'd fill our bags two or three times in a 

20-minute dive. 

documented 

more than 12,000 specimens, 

again living in the 

21 species once 


To propagate the rare Higgins' eye pearly mussels, 

researchers collect gravid females, extract the larvae, 

infect fish with the larvae, and keep the fish 

in cages in the St. Croix (above) until the larvae 

mature and fall to the riverbed (below). When the 

tiny mussels grow larger they will be relocated to 

stretches of the Mississippi where the Higgins' eye 

has disappeared. 


We documented more than 12,000 

specimens, representing 27 species once 

again living in the river. Because most individual 

mussels found were younger than 

10 years, we could see that the recovery in 

the mussel population had begun recently. 

Given time and continued improvement 

in habitat conditions, older individuals 

should become more prevalent. 

Significantly, we did not find live specimens 

of Higgins' eye pearly mussel and 

winged mapleleaf, two federally endangered 

species. We found only shells, suggesting 

they were once present below St. 

Anthony Falls but have failed to naturally 

recolonize. 

But we have tried to help speed nature 

along, and in the process provide refuge 

to several mussel species that are threatened 

by the exotic zebra mussel. Working 

with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and 

the natural resources departments of 

Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois, we rescued 

more than 2,000 rare mussels, as well as a 

few hundred Higgins' eye mussels, from 

zebra-mussel-infested waters near 

Cassville, Wis., and Cordova, 111., and 

relocated them below the Ford and 

Hastings dams. If ever the Mississippi is 

managed more like a flowing river and 

less like a series of lakes, zebra mussels 

may decline and native mussels may once 

again flourish in these downstream pools. 

Efforts to artificially propagate Higgins' 

eye mussels are also underway in an 

attempt to establish new populations. Fish 

are infected with the mussels' larvae, then 

placed in cages in the St. Croix and 

Mississippi rivers for a few weeks until the 

larvae transform into juveniles and drop 

off. These Higgins' eye juveniles 

will then be placed 

throughout this reach of the 

Mississippi River. This study 

has shown that the mussels are 

successfully maturing and 

dropping off the fish, so we 

may begin simply releasing the 

fish to disperse the developing 

mussels, as Iowa biologists have 

done. 

ZEBRA INVASION. We discovered 

few zebra mussels through 

the Twin Cities reach of the 

Mississippi, and found none 

above St. Anthony Falls. It's a 

different story from Lake Pepin 

downstream. There, zebra mussels 

are extremely abundant and 

are decimating native mussel 

communities. Zebra mussels 

have recently invaded and 

appear to be reproducing in the 

lower St. Croix River, which had served as 

the chief refuge for the upper Midwest's 

native mussels. Lake St. Croix might 

become a zebra mussel seed population. 

Unlike native mussels, zebra mussels 

travel upstream on watercraft, not fish. 

Furthermore, they appear to do best in a 

large, placid, lakelike stretch where they 

multiply before releasing larva to drift 

downstream and mature. The Twin Cities 

portion of the Mississippi doesn't seem to 

offer this habitat. Moreover, this reach 

may have an as-yet-unidentified toxin or 

other limiting factor, such as the soil bacteria 

recently shown to be toxic to zebra 

mussels but not to natives, that is inhibiting 

their colonization. Whatever the rea- 


Exotic zebra mussels multiply rapidly and deprive larger native mussels of food and oxygen. 

Zebra mussels prefer a placid, lakelike expanse, conditions they find in the lower 

St. Croix and Lake Pepin but, so far, not in the Twin Cities portion of the Mississippi. 

son, zebra mussels have been slow to 

spread upstream to the Twin Cities. We 

hope they never do. 

CONSERVATION PLANNING. The first 

phase of the mussel survey is complete. 

Next we will return to sites that stipported 

an abundance and diversity of 

mussels to get an accurate assessment of 

age-class structure, density, and species 

richness. We will monitor our relocation 

areas and place juvenile Higgins' eye mussels 

into the reach. Data will be used in 

conservation planning for protecting the 

species listed for legal protection in the 

Mississippi and other rivers. 

Seventy-two miles of this reach fall 

within the Mississippi National River and 

Recreation Area. The National Park 

Service, which provided funds to the 

DNR for the 2001 survey effort, will continue 

funding our monitoring efforts to 

identify trends in populations and evaluate 

the health of the mussel fauna. 

Because of improved water quality, 

lack of zebra mussels, and the natural 

and artificial recolonization of native 

mussels, this reach of the Mississippi 

River, running through one of the major 

metropolitan areas in the country, may 

now become one of the last big river 

mussel refuges in the Midwest—gratifying, 

to say the least, for a river once written 

off as dead. # 


Can crops and livestock share 

space with wild things? 

"Yes," say farmers who are 

working wildlife into their 

everyday operations and 

year-end profits. 

By MARK HERWIG 

Photography by BILL MARCHEL

The endless prairie that once flourished in 

central North America was plowed under long ago 

and planted to grain by frontier farmers eager to 

make a living in their new homeland, f Today's farmers 

are still working hard to survive on this 

land, but they are increasingly trying to 

make a living with new "crops"—enterprises 

that in many cases also provide 

valuable wildlife habitat. Ironically, some 

are forsaking the corn of their forefathers 

and replanting, of all things, the prairie 

grasses previous generations labored to 

plow under. 

Dale Aden, who owns 340 acres near 

Okabena, is one of those new farmers. 

Two years ago he converted 35 acres of 

corn to Indiangrass and big bluestem, 

both native to Minnesota's 

historic prairies. 

He harvests the seeds 

from the tops of the 

grasses, leaving the 

stems, which are 5 to 

7 feet high. Aden sells 

the seed to a prairie 

restoration company 

for about $10 a 

pound. 

The grass stems, 

which grow thick and 

dense, are sturdy 

enough to stand up to 

Minnesota's heavy 

snowfalls, providing 

winter shelter for 

pheasants and other 

wildlife. In spring the 

BIC BLUESTEM AT SUNRISE 

durable dried stalks are still standing and 

provide nesting cover for many grassland 

birds. Unlike corn or soybean fields, which 

are typically plowed bare come fall, Aden's 

prairie grasses remain year-round. Their 

roots hold the soil, reducing soil erosion 

and siltation of nearby lakes and streams. 

"It pays out pretty well," Aden said. 

"And it's great pheasant habitat. That's 

one reason why I put it in there—I wanted 

more habitat for wildlife." Aden 

donated several hunts on the land to a 

local group for a conservation fund-raiser. 

The field was also the 

setting last fall for a 

pheasant hunt on a 

regional television 

program. 

"I can walk out the 

back door with my 

yellow lab and hunt 

the field. I saw 75 

pheasants fly out of it 

last week. It was really 

great to see," Aden 

said. "That is the benefit 

of good habitat. It 

takes a lot of work, 

but it's worth it." 

Trouble in farm 

country. Aden and 

many other farmers 


have switched crops 

because they realize the 

traditional corn-soybean 

rotation is becoming 

less sustainable economically 

and environmentally. 

Indeed, the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture 

reports some conventional 

farmers are 

struggling. The agency 

said the current farm 

MALE BOBOLINK 

recession is entering its 

fifth year and real net farm cash income is 

at its lowest since the Great Depression. 

The 2001 harvest saw the sharpest drop in 

crop prices since 1909, and the costs of 

producing those crops are at an all-time 

high. Nationally, the USDA reported that 

farm debt in terms of real estate and 

operations rose more rapidly in the past 

two years than at any time since 1984. 

An editorial in the Des Moines Register 

last winter spelled out the difficulty in 

making a living on family farms, despite 

government subsidies on major crops: 

"Farm programs pour lots of cash into 

the Iowa economy, but they may work a 

little like slow poison. . . . Crop subsidies 

tend to speed the demise of the family 

farm because the bulk of the payments go 

to the biggest farmers. . . . Moreover, 

farmers tend to be locked into producing 

the 'program crops,' so the diversification 

of agriculture that could help rural areas 

is discouraged." 

Nonetheless, some farmers are striking 

Mark Herwig is a free-lance writer 

from White Bear Lake. 

out on their own and 

seeking new opportunities 

for farm income. 

And some are finding 

there is money to be 

made in conservation. 

Soybeans for 

wildlife. One of 

these farmers is Tony 

Thompson of Windom. 

Thompson, who 

is always experimenting 

with new farming 

techniques, calls one new approach a 

"temporary wildlife refuge in a cropping 

system." Thompson practices wildlifefriendly 

farming on his 1,800 acres, particularly 

in his soybean fields. He used to 

plow the beans under in the fall and 

make two additional passes in the spring 

for fertilizer, herbicides, and seed. 

But Thompson and his neighbors now 

use a combination of high-residue management 

(leaving cornstalks and other 

plant material on the ground instead of 

plowing it under), ridge-till, and striptill, 

as well as the newest weed-control 

techniques, to leave more room for 

wildlife. Ridge-till is similar to no-till (no 

fall plowing), but it creates a 6-inch 

raised bed with 30 inches between rows. 

Strip-till creates flat, narrow cultivated 

strips for the seed. 

Thompson plants a standard cornsoybean 

rotation—corn one year, beans 

the next—to take a more integrated 

approach to pest management. Thompson 

skips fall plowing and plants the 

beans straight into 24-inch corn stubble. 

Because the stubble is not plowed under, 


it provides some cover and considerable 

waste grain for wildlife. 

Thompson, with support from the 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture's 

Energy and Sustainable Agriculture 

Program, is also planting quick-growing 

cover crops of various forage grasses and 

legumes between the ridges. The crop 

grows as an understory to the corn and 

soybeans, providing habitat, conserving 

soil, sequestering carbon, and retaining 

nitrogen in the soil, as well as adding diversity 

to a two-crop rotation. Thompson 

said water leaving the area that includes 

his crop fields has had the lowest sediment 

levels in the Blue Earth River basin. 

"There are huge potential benefits from 

new ecologically oriented cropping systems 

and agricultural technologies for 

people and wildlife," Thompson said. "I 

see much greater bird nesting success, 

both game and nongame. I'm finding 

upland sandpipers nesting and rearing 

broods right in my soybean fields, as well 

as bobolinks and mallards." 

Thompson and his neighbors have also 

planted strips of native prairie along both 

sides of a three-mile stretch of creek. He 

received funds for his effort from the federal 

Conservation Reserve Program, 

which pays landowners to idle environmentally 

sensitive land. However, 

Thompson is glad to see the federal government 

now offers conservation incentives 

for land that is farmed, instead of 

offering only programs that require idling 

valuable cropland. 

"I'm trying to consider my whole farm 

as a wildlife refuge, with the filter strips 

and wetlands acting as an inviolate refuge 

and the cropped land a temporary 

refuge," Thompson said. "Our whole 

neighborhood has become very attractive 

to many wildlife species. Many farmers 

would be willing to improve cropped 

land for wildlife if there were rewards to 

offset the additional costs and risks farmers 

must assume. 

"Farmers are dedicated to environmental 

health. All special-interest groups need 

to get together and decide where we agree. 

There is plenty of work for all to do." 

Farming the government. Jackson 

County's Brent Rossow and family have 

farmed in southwestern Minnesota since 

pioneer days. His grandfather broke the 

land with oxen. But a few years ago, 

Rossow got tired of what he called "farming 

the government"—waiting for crop 

subsidy checks. 

Instead, Rossow has diversified his 166 

acres into the Horse Barn and Hunt Club. 

He started with a sporting clays operation 

10 years ago and is now adding a banquet 

hall to an old barn. He also intends to 

build a bed and breakfast. 

So far, Rossow's hunting operation is 

based on 160 acres of idled land under 

permanent easement in the federal 

Wetland Reserve Program. 

"I'm not anti-farmer, and government 

programs are the only hope many of 

them have left," Rossow said. "But the 

farming game is over for the next generation. 

If they run an alternative operation, 

they will survive. People who still farm 

out here could do what I'm doing. I've 

had farmers stop and ask how they could 

do it. And they can, absolutely." 

While Rossow and his wife, Lori, both 

have full-time jobs, he's hoping the farm 


"I'm trying to consider my 

whole 

farm as a wildlife 

refuge, with the filter strips 

and wetlands acting as an 

inviolate refuge." 

will someday pay the bills. His next move 

toward that goal is trying to buy two 80- 

acre parcels for a released-pheasant hunting 

operation. The land will be converted 

to habitat for a variety of wildlife. 

"I have pheasant hunters willing to put 

down money for 10 full years of hunt- 

MALLARD NEST 

ing—wild and released birds—all local 

hunters," Rossow said. "A lot of people 

want to hunt, but they have limited time 

and no place to go. My operation will 

take the pressure off landowners and help 

prevent trespassing. Plus, the habitat benefits 

water quality and all wildlife." 


"I could crop 50 acres, but instead of 

putting in corn and soybeans I can't sell, I 

% raise buffalo—60 of them plus 20 beef 

cows. The woods are full of deer and 

turkey despite the grazing." 

WILD TURKEY TOM 

Buffalo bonanza. Dan McFarland, 

Fredericksburg, Iowa, might have cut 

down a lot more timber on his 400-acre 

farm in northeastern Iowa were it not for 

his successful buffalo tour, hunting, and 

product operation. 

"A lot of my neighbors are cutting trees 

and tearing out fence rows to plant more 

corn. I've planted over 1,000 evergreens 

in a series of fenced windbreaks for the 

buffalo. I could crop 50 acres, but instead 

of putting in corn and soybeans I can't 

sell, I raise buffalo—60 of them plus 20 

beef cows. The woods are full of deer and 

turkey despite the grazing," McFarland 

said. He has also left about 50 acres of 

wetlands intact because he's making a 

good living off his ranch and doesn't need 

the extra cropland. 

While his family has farmed the area 

since 1854, McFarland broke with tradition 

in 1994 when he purchased his first 

buffalo. In addition to preserving the 

woods and wetlands, McFarland is also 

looking into planting native grasses on his 

140 acres of grazed lands because native 

grasses stand up to northern winters and 

provide spring nesting habitat for upland 

birds. 


WHITE-TAILED DEER BUCK 

South Africa, Mexico, Alaska, and Texas. 

He uses no hired help. 

"I hope to get to the point where the 

buffalo browse and graze here like they 

did 150 years ago," McFarland said. 

Hunts at McFarland's Hawkeye Buffalo 

Ranch start at $2,500, with some large 

bulls going for $5,000. The hunt includes a 

room at the farm's 1870s ranch house and 

meals for one hunter plus a relative. 

McFarland has tried to imitate some 

American Indian traditions in the hunts, 

including rituals before and after the hunt 

to give thanks for the hunt and show 

respect to the buffalo. 

"The ceremony is attractive to our 

clientele," said McFarland, who is not 

American Indian. "If you just want to kill 

a buffalo, we're probably not the place for 

you." All hunts are conducted on foot; no 

vehicles allowed. 

The ranch also includes close-up tours 

of the buffalo. "The tours focus real hard 

on the historical aspects of the buffalo, 

beginning with how they were slaughtered 

starting in 1870 after the transcontinental 

railroad was finished," McFarland said. 

A ranch store offers buffalo products 

such as packaged meat and hides. 

McFarland's clients come from all over 

the world, including Germany, Norway, 

Dakota walk-in. Gene Lengkeek, 

owner of Battle Creek Land 8< Livestock 

in east-central South Dakota, has 400 

acres in CRP. The money he earns for 

planting the land to grassland and leaving 

it was attractive enough. However, the 

decision to enroll the land in CRP is now 

paying an unexpected dividend: The 

South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks 

Department Walk-In Area Program is 

paying him to allow hunters on this 

prime pheasant habitat. Since enrolling, 

Lengkeek has noticed yet another benefit 

of the program: It saves him time. 

Because hunters can just walk on, he is 

spared the distraction of talking with 

what can be a steady stream of gunners 

during the busy fall harvest season. 

"I'm happy with what the state pays and 

how the hunters behave. Many wouldn't 

ask permission before. Now, all they have 

to do is read the sign [which grants permission], 

They respect the land better 

because of the program," Lengkeek said. 

Tony Leif, a senior wildlife biologist for 

the department, said the walk-in program 

pays about $4 to $5 an acre in Lengkeek's 

area, which has few enrollees, and about 

$1 to $2 an acre in areas where enrollment 

is high. The program also pays higher 

rates for larger acreages, which are typically 

CRP lands. Walk-in contracts are evaluated 

each year, but are often renewed to 

match the length of the typical CRP contract, 

10 to 15 years. The state also offers 

hunters a map of walk-in sites. 

"It is one of the most popular programs 

we offer," Leif said. "Hunters get 


the Land Institute in Salina, Kansas, 

has been working for years on a 

revolutionary form of agriculture 

that just might change rural America 

for the better. It aims to 

develop perennial vari- thinking 

more for their license fees, and farmers 

get some compensation for allowing 

public hunting." DNR agricultural policy 

coordinator Wayne Edgerton says the 

Minnesota DNR is also considering 

this option. 

eties of annual wheat, 

rye, sorghum, sunflowers, OlltSide The conservation card. 

and other grains. It calls 

the new concept "natural t^G fSfTTI 

Farmers like Lengkeek, McFarland, 

Rossow, Thompson, and Aden are 

systems agriculture." 

"What we are working 

staying on the land they love 

because they are earning extra 

toward is mimicking a native prairie," 

said Joan Olsen, development director. "It 

is feasible. We have 1,500 hybrids this 

year we will be growing and evaluating." 

Like a native prairie, a perennial field 

would include many varieties of plants 

that hold the soil, thus preventing erosion. 

The diverse mix would also minimize 

insect and disease infestations, 

thereby eliminating the need for 

expensive, polluting insecticides and 

herbicides. A perennial field would 

receive much of its nitrogen through 

legumes, nitrogen-fixing plants characteristic 

of native prairie. 

"There is a lot to be worked out yet to 

make perennial agriculture work. We 

are in the plant-breeding stage, which 

takes so long. This is probably a 25-year 

program, depending on funding," Olsen 

said. For instance, researchers must 

still find a way to increase plant yield 

and improve shatter resistance to hold 

the grains on the plant for mechanical 

harvesting. 

To learn more, check out 

www.landinstitute.org. 

Mark Herwig 

income using unconventional methods. 

Some of the new income options for 

today's farmers arise because the nonfarming 

public and government increasingly 

demand conservation, wildlife, public 

hunting, soil protection, and clean 

water for drinking, swimming, fishing, 

and boating. 

Craig Cox, executive vice president of 

the Soil and Water Conservation Society, 

Iowa, believes farmland conservation is 

the answer to many farmers' problems 

and to the environmental concerns of the 

larger society as well. 

"Most Americans appreciate our abundant, 

safe, affordable food supply," he 

says. "But Americans are becoming just as 

concerned about having healthy soil, 

clean air and water, and improved fish 

and wildlife habitat. We need to forge a 

new way of thinking about agriculture 

and the environment. We need a bold 

new approach that brings together those 

who depend on the land for their living 

and those who are concerned about their 

environment." 

Part of the "bold new approach" must 

come from the federal Farm Bill, according 

to A1 Berner, retired leader of the 


Minnesota Department of Natural 

Resources' Farmland Wildlife Populations 

and Research Group. The current version, 

passed and signed in May 2002, 

could have been better, Berner said. Many 

were disappointed the current farm legislation 

is once again embracing major 

crop subsidies, but there was also praise 

for increased conservation spending—for 

example, CRP was expanded by nearly 3 

million acres. 

"As long as the public doesn't pay for 

conservation in farm country, it won't 

happen. Federal farm policy and big 

agribusiness will dictate what is grown and 

how it will be grown. In Minnesota we're 

doing some things for conservation (some 

of the best wetland protections in the 

nation and active habitat acquisition programs), 

but the problem is at the federal 

level," he said. 

Berner believes the federal government 

should be paying farmers more for conservation. 

"It's in the public interest, and 

taxpayers are paying them anyway in 

terms of subsidies. So, we have two alternatives—we 

can guarantee a price, which 

is very destructive, or pay them to take 

land out of production that is creating 

soil erosion and poor water quality." 

He also suggests government should 

encourage—or at least allow—farmers to 

plant more wildlife-friendly crops. "We 

need to change farming practices and provide 

farmers the technical assistance to do 

that," Berner said. "Conservation spending 

went up in the new Farm Bill, but it 

wasn't enough. I think every cent for crop 

subsidies should go for conservation." 

The nonfarming community will continue 

to debate the proper mix of crop 

and livestock production versus wildlife 

conservation on rural lands. In the 

meantime, some farmers have found 

ways—whether it's raising unconventional 

crops or inviting hunters onto 

their land—to both pay the bills and 

contribute to conservation. # 


The soil beneath our feet is as important as

i I \ 

the air we breathe and the water we drink. 

By KATHLEEN 

WEFLEN 

One of the most incredible things on Earth is earth—the soil that 

covers almost our entire planet. Even under the oceans, scientists 

have discovered mountains, valleys, and plains of earth. To find a 

surface without soil, you would have to travel to the icecaps atop the highest 

mountains or at the North or South poles. 

Soil supports life above ground. Land plants grow with their roots reaching 

into soil for nutrients and water. Humans and other animals, in turn, eat 

plants. 

Soil also supports life underground. Six billion people live on Earth, but 

scientists estimate that more than 6 billion microscopic creatures live in just 

one handful of healthy soil! 

What is this mysterious substance underneath the grass? Where does soil 

come from, and how does it work?

A Very Old Story 

Natural forces form soil i 'ery slowly. Most soils in Minnesota have been 

forming for more than 10,000 years. Here's what happens. 

Wind, rain, rivers, 

plants, heat, and cold 

Glaciers moved across the slowly continue to change 

landscape, cracking and 

mineral particles. 

crushing bedrock into 

particles. These particles 

are actually bits of natural 

chemical compounds called 

minerals. For example, iron 

and quartz crystals are 

minerals in rocks. 

Soil is a mixture of bits of rock 

water, organic matter (once-living plants and 

animals), and living things. 

Seeds sprout and send 

roots into the soil. Burly 

oaks, tall grasses, and other 

plants spread their roots 

wide and deep, holding 

soil in place. 

Burrowing critters such 

as gophers, moles, mice, 

snakes, beetles, and spiders 

make themselves at home 

underground, mixing particles 

and creating tunnels 

for air and water to enter. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 8Y STEVE MITZUK

Air fills the spaces 

between particles. 

the 

to 

kinds of animal 

matter—bones, eyelashes, 

snakeskin, moth wings, bird 

droppings—and all kinds of 

vegetable matter— 

flower petals, leaves, stems, 

banana peels—fall onto the 

ground. 

Bacteria, insects, molds, 

and other decomposers 

move in and digest 

organic matter, turning it 

into a crumbly, dark substance 

called humus. Worms 

mix humus into the 

mineral soil.

Particles of Difference 

A scoop of soil from your back yard looks and feels different from a 

^•A handful scooped up some other place, such as a lakeshore or a field. If 

/ \ you use a magnifying glass to examine 

mineral particles from each place, you can 

see the difference in the particle sizes. 

Soil mineral particles are called 

sand, silt, or clay. Sand particles are 

the largest. Sand feels gritty. Silt 

feels as soft and silky as flour, and a 

silt particle is about the same size as 

a speck of flour. You need a 

magnifier to see clay particles, which 

are the tiniest. They feel smooth and 

sticky when wet. 

Re(fltive sizes 0j sandi siJtf and day 

WHAT'S A PORE FOR.? Like your skin, soil has pores, which are the spaces 

through which air and water move. To imagine how sand, silt, and clay particles 

fit together and form spaces, fill a glass jar with pebbles of various sizes and 

study the "pores." Add water and notice how air bubbles up as water runs into 

the pores. 

Dirty 

Word? 

People call earth different names. 

Soil scientists prefer to say soil 

because it simply means the 

surface layer of earth that 

supports plant life. Dirt has many 

meanings. It comes from the Old 

English word drit, meaning 

manure. The first dictionary 

definition of dirt is "any foul or 

filthy substance, as mud, grime, 

dust, or excrement [poop]." When 

manure or poop decomposes, it 

can become part of the soil. No 

wonder the word dirt can also 

mean soil. 

PORES AND PARTICLES ILLUSTRATION BY STEVE MITZUK 


QRAINL) OR. STICKLJ? The size and proportions of particles in soil give 

the soil its texture, which is the way the soil feels when you rub it between 

your fingers. Soil scientists group soils according to texture. Three common 

types are sand, loam, and clay soils. 

Sand Soil. About 75 percent of its particles are 

sand. Because sand particles are large and often 

about the same size, they don't squish together 

very well. Sand soil is porous—full of pores that 

allow water to enter and drain quickly. 

SOIL SAMPLE PHOTOGRAPHS BY DALE NEWTON 

Loam Soil. This kind of soil contains silt, sand, 

and clay. The particles can pack together well. The 

more silt in this mix, the fluffier and more crumbly 

it becomes (like a cake). When moist, a clump of 

this soil feels as light and bendable as Silly Putty. 

Clay Soil. Because clay particles are smaller, they 

pack together with less air space. Water takes a 

long time to move through the tiny pores. Soil 

with 50 percent or more clay particles is heavy and 

sticky when wet. 

MOVINQ SOIL. Flowing water can pick up sand, 

carrying them along in currents. As a current slows, it drops the largest 

particles (sand) first. Next, silt falls away. Tiny clay particles easily stay 

suspended, like cocoa powder stirred into milk. Clay particles usually sink last. 

In lakes and rivers, they fall to the bottom in the deepest places when waves or 

currents calm down. 

Walking along Lake Superior, you can see how waves have sorted sand and 

rocks according to size. One beach may be all sand, another has only pebbles, 

and another is just large rocks. 

shore 

45

From Frosting to Bedrock 

irth to examine layers of soil called horizons. 

ate a soil profile, a kind of picture of how the 

over time. 

Horizon 0 is humus. Atop the soil, like 

frosting on a cake, humus is a dark, moist mix 

of decomposing plants and animals (organic 

matter). 

Horizon A is topsoil. This layer is alive 

with critters and rich in mineral particles and 

decomposed organic matter. Minnesota 

farmland has topsoil up to 3 feet deep. 

Topsoil in forests is only 2 to 3 inches deep. 

Horizon B is subsoil. This layer has fewer 

roots and creatures than topsoil does, but 

you can still find earthworms here. Water 

carries in mineral particles from above. 

Horizon C is the parent material. This 

layer remains exactly as the glaciers 

deposited it. You'll find no plants or animals 

here. 

Horizon R (not shown) is bedrock. This 

prehistoric layer of unbroken rock supplied 

minerals to the soil layers above. In a few 

places, such as along the North Shore, you 

can walk across bedrock. In most of 

Minnesota, bedrock is buried deep under the 

topsoil, subsoil, and parent material. 

Typical prairie soil profile 

Kathleen Weflen is editor o/Minnesota 

Conservation Volunteer. 


WHAT QR.OWS WHERE? What you see 

growing above ground is a clue to the 

soil below. Sugar maple trees, for 

example, need to keep their roots moist 

but not soaked. What kind of soil holds 

moisture best? Silt loam soil. Pine trees, 

on the other hand, prefer well-drained 

sandy soil. 

Loam soil works best for growing 

corn, wheat, potatoes, and other food 

crops. It contains silt, clay, and sand, so 

it holds lots of water and nutrients yet it 

drains well. Most southern Minnesota 

farms have loamy soil. 

FALL SUGAR MAPLES BY RICHARD HAUG 

EARTH COLORS. If you were a painter 

mixing up soil colors, you would start 

with mineral particles as your base. Sand 

particles, for instance, come in many 

colors. Add air, water, and organic matter 

in varying amounts, and you change the 

color of the soil. 

Iron colors much of Minnesota's soil. 

Just as oxygen reacts with iron and turns a 

nail rusty, iron in soil reacts with oxygen, 

creating shades of red and orange. To get 

yellows or browns, add organic matter. 

Water can displace oxygen in soil pores 

and thus change soil color. The longer and 

more deeply soaked the soil is, the less 

oxygen the soil has in its pores. Soil 

without oxygen turns blue or blue-gray. 

Blue clay soil and blue sand soil have lots 

of moisture and little or no oxygen. 

DALE NEWTON 

'•p ^ 

Hfi 

i 

Just as painters might use a color 

chart to match and describe paint 

colors, scientists describe soil color 

by matching soil samples to a 

Munsell color chart. 


Who Lives 

Underground? 

Countless organisms must live and work together to keep enriching 

soil. Pick up a pinch of topsoil and you may be holding a billion 

microscopic organisms called microbes. Soil creatures, large and small, 

form a community called a food web. Their eating habits vary: Some get nutrients 

by decomposing organic matter, some shred, and some eat more or less 

as humans eat. Here's a look at some of them. 

DECOMPOSERS 

Bacteria. These microscopic organisms decompose all 

kinds of organic matter, releasing nutrients that plants 

can use. Sniff a handful of earth. The familiar, fresh 

aroma of moist, healthy soil comes from a substance 

released by actinomycetes, a group of soil bacteria. 

Fungi. You can almost always find 

mushrooms, molds, and other fungi in 

the woods. Fungi decompose dead wood 

and other organic matter. A teaspoon of 

forest soil may hold tens of miles of fungal 

threads called hyphae. 

Certain fungi form massive webs of 

hyphae called mycorrhizae around roots of 

certain plants. The mycorrhizae take up 

soil nutrients and water and pass them 

along to the plant. The plant roots, in 

turn, share carbon and energy captured 

from the air and sun. 

Actinomycetes 

Mycorrhizae 

SHREDDERS (Invertebrates) 

Arthropods. Beetles, spiders, mites, millipedes, and other 

arthropods are invertebrate animals (no backbone) with 

jointed legs, segmented body parts, and an exoskeleton. They 

shred plant debris. 

Red velvet mite 

Annelids. Annelids are segmented worms, such as 

earthworms. They are important links in the soil food web. 

Besides shredding, they dig tunnels that let in air. 

Millipede 

E.R. DEGGINGER 

DEMBINSKY PHOTO ASSOCIATES

Nematodes. Scientists estimate that the world has half 

a million species of nematodes, or roundworms. Most live 

in soil. Some of these unsegmented worms eat fungi, 

some eat bacteria, and some prey on smaller nematodes. 

All release nutrients back into the soil. 

Tardigrades. In 1994 two German researchers discovered 

tiny tardigrade fossils more than 500 million years old. 

About 400 tardigrade species exist today. Known as water 

bears, most live in watery films on mosses, leaf litter, 

lichens, and soil. If you look at this tiny, eight-legged 

creature under a magnifying lens, you can see it lumbering 

along like a bear. 

If its watery world dries up, it withers and wraps itself 

in a kind of skin. When water returns, the water bear 

perks up. One book tells of a dry piece of moss that sat on 

a museum shelf for 120 years. When someone moistened 

the moss, guess what came lumbering along! 

Nematode 

Tardigrade 

qO-BETWEENS (Vertebrates) 

Many vertebrate creatures (with backbones) move between 

the world underground and the world above. Some tap into 

the underground food web. Robins, for instance, tug up 

earthworms. 

Various mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians 

spend time underground. They dig burrows for 

g hunting, traveling, nesting, and hibernating, 

g What have you seen disappear into a hole in the 

o ground? 

Young thirteen-lined ground 

squirrel 


Mighty Earth Movers 

hat moves tons of earth? Steam shovels, road graders, and 

earthworms. An earthworm gobbles up leaves and vegetable 

matter. It pushes them through its intestinal canal; then poops 

crumbly soil, called castings. In a year, all of the earthworms on an acre of 

farmland can move at least 20 tons of earth above and below ground. 

Though earthworms enrich farm soil and lure fish to your hook, don't throw 

leftover bait worms into 

the woods. Scientists | 

recently discovered that 

earthworms are hogging | 

all of the leaf litter in some 

g 

i 

jx: 

hardwood forests. Certain 1 

s 

insects, fungi, and plants ° 

also need leaves to live. 1 

o 

UJ 

A SCIENTIST 

i 

WONDERS ABOUT 

WORMS AND SOIL 

A few months after the 

British scientist Charles 

Darwin returned from his 

famous voyage to the Galapagos Islands 

in 1837, he went to visit his uncle in the 

country. As they walked in the garden, 

the uncle pointed out a spot where he 

had spread ashes and lime several years 

earlier. The spot had become buried in 

soil cast by earthworms. Astonished to 

see that worms could make so much soil, 

Darwin went home, lined the shelves of 

his study with glass-covered pots full of 

earth and worms, and began a series of 

experiments that lasted 40 years. 

How did earthworms form soil? 

Darwin wondered. 

Studying the worms' digestive system, 

Darwin wondered if they could taste 

and smell food. He observed them 

digging deep into the soil to reach 

cabbage and onion bulbs. He fed them 

and saw that they preferred green 

cabbage to red. They liked celery better 

yet and carrots best of all. 

To see if worms could see, Darwin 

went to his study in the dark and shone 

light from candles, lanterns, and other 

sources on the worms. His findings 

agreed with those of today's scientists: 

Earthworms cannot see, but they sense 

light and dark. They crawl up above 

ground at night when birds and other 

predators probably can't see them. 

To test the worms' hearing, Darwin 

watched for a response to sound when 

his grandson blew a whistle, his son 

tooted a bassoon, and his wife played 

the piano. Seeing no movement, he 

concluded the worms were deaf. 

However, when Darwin put the pots 


on the piano and plunked a key, the 

worms apparently felt vibrations and 

burrowed deeper into the soil. 

With one long experiment, the 

scientist demonstrated his patience. 

Darwin spread a layer of chalk on a 

grassy field and waited 29 years to come 

back and dig a trench to see how deep 

the earthworm castings piled up. He 

found the chalk below 6 inches of soil! 

Lost Topsoil 

ind and rain are blowing 

and washing topsoil from 

the land every day. This 

natural process, called erosion, first 

caught the attention of Americans 

during the 1930s. Then rain seldom 

fell, and winds whipped tons of dry 

earth into black clouds that rolled 

furiously across the land. The storms, 

known as dusters, started in the Great 

Plains states, which came to be called 

the Dust Bowl. 

The Dust Bowl was farm and cattle 

country, but first it had been prairies. 

When European settlers came to Minnesota and other Plains states, they plowed 

prairies and planted wheat and other crops. For centuries the deep-rooted 

prairie grasses and wildflowers had held most of the soil in place, so that strong 

winds and hard rains could not carry it away. Farm crops simply could not hold 

it as well. Bare soil (plowed and unplanted) could not stay in place at all. 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION (8B31257UI 

Dust storm, Elkhart, Kansas, 1937 

Noteworthy 

Web Sites 

www.acornnaturalists.com Hand 

lenses and other resources for 

trails and classrooms. 

www.bellmuseum.org/learnkits. 

html or 612-626-2299. Get Dirty! 

Soils in Minnesota, learning kit for 

grades 4, 5, and 6. 

www.fieldmuseum.org/ua/node_2. 

htm Virtual underground tour. 

www.uen.org/projects Activities 

for grade-school classrooms. 

When farmers lose topsoil, they 

also lose the nutrients and 

microbes needed to grow food. 

The lost soil often ends up in lakes 

and streams, where it muddies the 

water and makes life more difficult 

for plants, fish, and other critters. 

Today conservationists try to 

slow down erosion by plowing 

less, keeping the land covered with 

plants, and planting trees to break 

the wind. • 


51

Slogging through snow, soaking up sun, 

volunteer observers 

gathering information on Minnesota's birds, lakes, 

butterflies, and more. 

log thousands of hours each year 

'Hi; 

Marty Harding just loves those little leadplants. 

A Taylors Falls social services consultant, 

Harding has long enjoyed trekking through the 

forests and fields of Wild River State Park. Last 

year she added something new: She became a 

species steward, one of about 40 volunteers who 

monitor various plants as part of the park's 

Prairie Care project. 

Once a week or so during the growing season, 

Harding hikes out to sites where leadplant, a 

dusty gray prairie legume, is known to thrive. 

She records the condition of those she encounters—how 

healthy they look, whether they've 

been nibbled on, where fhey arein the cycle of 

blooming and setting seed. When the pods finally 

mature, Harding is there, gathering seieds for 

use in restoring the park's prairies. HjCr watchful 

eye makes it possible toharvest far more than if 

ripening time were simply estimated. ,

leadplant monitors 

Emily Merritt and 

Marty Harding

"For what you get out of it, it's a really 

small investment," she says. "It's just part 

of caring for something that's given me 

such pleasure.... I think everyone should 

consider doing this kind of stewardship." 

Harding is one of thousands of Minnesotans 

who volunteer their time and 

talents through public agencies or citizen 

groups to track the what, where, and 

when of Minnesota's natural resources. 

Some count critters; others watch the 

weather or monitor water quality. There 

are opportunities for folks who like to get 

their feet wet, who prefer prairies to pines 

(or vice versa), who love wilderness, who 

can't leave the house. Some volunteer out 

of curiosity; others, out of civic duty; others, 

simply for fun. In doing so, they not 

only increase their own appreciation for 

the natural world, but also provide information 

that managers can use to better 

understand resources, track changes, and 

pinpoint problems. 

calling attention 

Dick Duerre signed on with the 

University of Minnesota's (now the 

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's) 

Citizen Lake-Monitoring Program back 

in 1974 as a way to alert others to the 

issue of water pollution. 

"The lakes were being overused; there 

was a lot of runoff," he says. "This was 

one way of calling attention to it." 

It still is. Eight to 10 times a summer, 

Duerre tests water clarity in Gladstone 

Lake near Nisswa. He lowers a metal disk 

IMary Hoff, Stillwater, is a free-lance 

science writer and production coordinator 

for the Volunteer. 

tied to a rope into the water. When he 

can't see the disk anymore, he records its 

depth and rates water quality on a scale 

that runs roughly from "beautiful" to 

"you wouldn't catch me swimming 

there." Duerre's data are combined with 

those from hundreds of other citizens. 

State agencies and others use this huge 

database for various purposes. For 

instance, the Department of Natural 

Resources has used it to assess the impact 

of fish stocking on water quality. 

Program co-coordinator Jennifer 

Maloney says last year 995 volunteers 

took 14,765 readings from 875 lakes 

across Minnesota. In doing so, the volunteers 

collected far more information 

about Minnesota lakes than PCA staff 

could gather on their own. And they 

strengthened their relationship with the 

resource. "It raises people's awareness— 

'Gee, what am I doing to impact the lake?' 

They develop stewardship, and then they 

feel empowered," she says. 

on the move 

Another volunteer water-watching program, 

Lake Level Minnesota, has some 

700 volunteers who record readings on 

lake-level gauges once a week. The readings 

are available on the DNR web site for 

a variety of water-management uses. 

The Wetland Health Evaluation 

Project, a multiagency effort, involves 

volunteers in assessing the biological 

integrity of wetlands by sampling plants 

and animals. Local planners can use the 

data to direct development in a way that 

minimizes adverse environmental 

impacts. 

Those who prefer water on the move 


can tap into the PCA Citizen Stream- 

Monitoring Program or work with the 

nonprofit Rivers Council of Minnesota to 

develop a water-quality monitoring program 

through the group's River Watch 

program. The data can be used to 

improve water quality. In Todd County, 

for example, citizen stream-monitoring 

information was used to help pinpoint 

and address a runoff problem that was 

fouling Big Birch Lake. 

Water-monitoring programs are growing 

like a creek after a downpour: The 

PCA stream-monitoring program alone 

swelled from 17 volunteers in 1998 to 

291 in 2001. Although that level of interest 

can introduce some logistical challenges, 

program coordinator Laurie 

Sovell says the positive impacts make it 

all worthwhile. 

"The rewards are seeing the enthusiasm, 

seeing how people are getting connected 

to their river," she says. "Where 

they used to just drive over it every day, 

now they're stopping and looking at it, 

getting to know it." 

nature nut 

Perhaps the most enduring citizen monitor 

around is B Kinghorn of Excelsior. At 86, 

Kinghorn is among the most senior contributors 

to the Minnesota State Climatology 

Office's precipitation-monitoring 

networks, which gather rain-gauge readings 

to create a picture of precipitation as it 

varies over time and place across the state. 

Kinghorn and her husband, R.S. 

Kinghorn, began their informal volunteer 

monitoring careers in 1946, when 

they began to track ice-out dates on 

Galpin Lake in Hennepin County, just 

for the fun of it. The couple took up raingauge 

reading in the 1970s, after a local 

media station handed out gauges to 

encourage citizens to get involved in 

weather watching. 

Though her husband died 14 years ago, 

Kinghorn has kept the tradition going. At 

8 in the morning on the day after each 

rainfall, she checks the tubular gauge 

mounted on her front-steps railing, 

recording her catch to the nearest hundredth 

of an inch. At the end of the 

month, she sends her log to the state climatology 

office. 

"It's interesting just to me," she says. 

"If they didn't care, I'd still keep track of 

it, because I'm a nature nut." 

But "they" do care—very much. The 

web site containing the Kinghorns' many 

precipitation measurements—and those 

of more than 1,400 current observers and 

untold numbers of past observers around 

the state—was accessed more than 32,000 

times last year alone, says assistant state 

climatologist Peter Boulay. Public agencies, 

citizen groups, and individuals use 

the information for everything from 

planning farm chores to defending 

against lawsuits—"just about anything 

you can think of," Boulay says. 

long-term changes 

Visual acuity is an important trait for the 

two dozen or so volunteers who help 

DNR botanist Nancy Sather count 

Minnesota dwarf trout-lilies at three sites 

each spring. 

A federally endangered species, this little 

flower has been found nowhere in the 

world but in Rice, Goodhue, and Steele 

counties. By helping to keep tabs on it, 


ain monitor 

B Kinghorn

how useful is the information collected 

by volunteer citizen monitors? 

Do scientists view it with 

the skepticism 

we might how useful? 

exhibit if, say, 

a volunteer citizen plumber came to fix 

our toilet? 

"It's something we think about a lot," 

says Monarch larval Monitoring Project 

coordinator Karen Oberhauser. 

Those who design and coordinate citizen 

monitoring efforts try to ensure 

that the data collected are as uniform 

and useful as possible. Programs that 

require technical expertise either 

choose experienced volunteers or provide 

training. Other programs are made 

as simple as possible to minimize the 

potential for error. 

"There are some problems, but the 

benefits in terms of being able to 

accomplish a project of this scale outweighs 

those costs," says Rich Baker of 

the Minnesota Loon Monitoring Project. 

"We can't always afford to do extremely 

rigorous work by professional biologists, 

so this is a great alternative." 

Whatever the scientific goal, and no 

matter how well a monitoring program 

achieves it, it's important to remember 

that the charts and numbers represent 

only part of the value. Observers and 

the environment benefit too. 

"They learn how complex nature is, 

experience firsthand this complex 

web of interactions," Oberhauser 

says. "That is likely to make the 

volunteers more concerned about the 

environment." 

Mary Hoff 

the monitors contribute to knowledge of 

plant population fluctuations that may be 

related to long-term changes in weather 

patterns or habitat degradation. 

Sather—who also leads volunteers on a 

census of western prairie fringed-orchids 

in northwestern Minnesota each July and 

coordinates various other plantmonitoring 

projects—is grateful for the 

assistance. "These projects take so many 

eyes for such a short time that there's no 

way our staff could conceivably do this 

without help," she says. 

Folks whose auditory skills excel might 

like the volunteer project Tamra and Jim 

Kowalski of Independence chose: the 

Minnesota Frog and Toad Calling Survey. 

Three times a year—in early spring, 

late spring, and summer—the Kowalskis 

drive or bike a pre-established route just 

after dusk. They stop at 10 sites along the 

way to listen for and take notes on the 

kinds and intensities of the calls they hear 

from any of Minnesota's 14 species of 

native frogs and toads. Their efforts are 

helping herpetologists track amphibian 

populations, which have shown signs of 

trouble in recent times. 

hope they don't 

Some citizen monitors look for things they 

hope they don't find. Two years ago DNR 

aquatic biologist Gary Montz and colleagues 

at Minnesota Sea Grant started a 

volunteer program to look for zebra mussels, 

an invasive exotic species. Montz is 

delighted that the 200-some mussel watchers 

he's enlisted so far have had no success 

in their quest to find the thumbnail-sized, 

striped invaders stuck to docks or other 

objects in the lakes they are monitoring. 


But he also knows that when and if they do 

find them, the early warning their vigilance 

provides could help biologists slow the disruptive 

critters' spread to other lakes. 

"There's no way we could monitor all 

the lakes in Minnesota for zebra mussels," 

Montz says. "For the Land of 10,000 

Lakes-—that's a little more than we can 

handle in one summer." 

Cindy Hale would like the citizens who 

enlist in her monitoring effort to come up 

empty too—but she doubts they will. Hale 

launched Minnesota Worm Watch last 

year as a way to get a handle on the extent 

to which earthworms, which are not 

native to Minnesota, have infiltrated soils 

around the state. Research has shown that 

the worms have a negative effect on hardwood 

forests because they destroy the 

layer of organic litter upon which forest 

floor vegetation grows. Minnesota Worm 

Watch aims to increase awareness of the 

problem and to gather data on the extent 

and implications of the invasion. 

"We know just anecdotally that there 

are worms in lots of these places, but they 

have never been documented," Hale 

explains. "Since worms are easy to sample, 

reasonably easy to identify, and seem 

to be naturally interesting to kids, we 

thought this might be a great opportunity 

for students and people from all walks of 

life to get involved in basic scientific 

research that directly relates to an emerging 

conservation issue." 

surprise benefits 

Folks looking for something a bit more 

charismatic than earthworms might 

choose the North American Butterfly 

Association's butterfly count. Each summer 

around the Fourth of July hundreds 

of volunteers around the United States 

and Canada form teams to walk a designated 

15-mile-diameter area within one 

day, recording the species and numbers of 

butterflies they see. The data they collect 

provide valuable insights into environmental 

factors that influence butterfly 

abundance and distribution. 

Those who are wild about butterflies 

can also join the Monarch Larval 

Monitoring Project, based at the 

University of Minnesota. Volunteers 

spend two to three hours afield each week 

in July and August counting milkweed 

plants and the monarch eggs and larvae 

on them. 

The monarch program offers an excellent 

example of the unanticipated benefits 

that can accrue from citizen monitoring. 

Last January, a killer frost wiped out millions 

of monarchs on their wintering 

grounds in the mountains of Mexico. 

Project coordinator Karen Oberhauser 

says the accumulated data now provide a 

base line that, when combined with this 

summer's count, will help biologists assess 

the impact on the monarch's abundance. 

balance of nature 

Avian aficionados can choose from all 

kinds of options. The annual Audubon 

Christmas Bird Count, one of the 

biggest and oldest citizen-monitoring 

programs around, provides a valuable 

look at winter bird life in 123 Western 

Hemisphere countries. The Great 

Backyard Bird Count and Project 

FeederWatch are both coordinated by 

the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and provide 

additional opportunities to con- 


Would you like to get your feet 

wet with a citizen-monitoring 

project? Here are some of the 

many opportunities 

Siqn me up! 

available in 

Minnesota: 

Audubon Christmas Bird Count, 

651-225-1830. 

Bluebird Recovery Program, 

612-922-4586. 

y Butterfly Count, www.naba.org. 

R Citizen Lake-Monitoring Program, 

651-282-2618 or 800-657-3864. 

R Citizen Stream-Monitoring Program, 

651-296-7187 or 800-657-3864. 

D Lake Level Minnesota, DNR 

Information Center, see page 77. 

Minnesota Frog and Toad Calling 

Survey, 651-523-2945. 

Minnesota Loon Monitoring Project, 

651-297-4966. 

R Minnesota Worm Watch, 

www.nrri.umn.edu/worms. 

y Monarch Larval Monitoring Project, 

612-624-8706. 

C Project FeederWatch, 

birds.cornell.edu/pfw/index.html. 

L Rain-gauge monitoring, local Soil and 

Water Conservation District office or 

Minnesota State Climatology Office, 

651-296-4214. 

K Rare plant monitoring, 

nancy.sather@dnr.state.mn.us. 

[ River Watch, 320-259-6800. 

State parks opportunities, contact 

DNR Information Center, see page 77. 

Wetland Health Evaluation Project, 

651-480-7734. 

L Zebra mussel monitoring, 

651-297-4888. 


tribute to our knowledge about birds. 

Volunteers with the DNR Loon 

Monitoring Project, begun in 1994, visit 

more than 600 lakes in midsummer and 

record the number of loons they see 

there in a single morning. So far, their 

efforts indicate that the state's nesting 

loon population, which is larger than the 

combined counts of all other states 

except Alaska, is stable at about 12,000. 

Thanks to the volunteers, says program 

coordinator Rich Baker, "the DNR is 

confident of its ability to detect declines 

in the state's loon population early 

enough that we would have time to react 

and remedy problems." 

For much of his 69 years, Richard Hjort 

has been working to remedy problems 

with another Minnesota favorite, the 

bluebird. He first became interested as a 

child when he watched bluebird populations 

plummet under pressure from 

house sparrows, nonnative birds that outcompete 

and kill native bluebirds and 

other songbirds. Ever since, he's been 

working to help bluebirds hold their own 

against the alien invaders. 

One of 800-some Minnesotans affiliated 

with the Bluebird Recovery Program, 

Hjort periodically peeks into bluebird 

nest boxes he's mounted along roads near 

his home in rural Chisago City. If he finds 

a house sparrow, he traps and removes it. 

If a bluebird has made its home there, he 

lends it a hand by scooping out parasitic 

blowfly larvae. 

Sound like a lot of bother? Hjort echoes 

the thoughts of countless volunteer monitors 

when he says it's worth it to help 

heal a world turned topsy-turvy by 

human negligence. "If we do this, then we 


have bluebirds in our yard. We have tree 

swallows in our yard. We return the upset 

balance of nature to a more normal 

mode, so to speak." 

Hjort notes a recent report of a decline 

in purple martins, another cavity nester. 

"We're failing as humans if we allow that 

to happen," he says. "I can't have my 

grandsons come to me and say, 'Grandpa, 

how did you let this happen?'" # 

qualifications for monitoring vary widely. Participants in the Minnesota dwarf 

trout-lily count don't have to be fluent in English, but they do have to be able 

to see a rice grain at a distance of 4 to 8 feet. Monarch butterfly larval monitors 

need to be able to tell the difference between a monarch 

egg and a gob of milkweed juice. 

Most Citizen Lake-Monitoring Program volunteers monitor a 

single lake for the season—although last year a well-traveled kayaker created a 

variation on the theme by collecting a single reading from each of 50 lakes instead. 

The necessity of nighttime activity on isolated roads has created some unusual 

challenges for frog and toad calling survey participants. Several have discovered the 

hard way that their activities attracted another kind of monitor—the kind that 

checks licenses of folks behaving erratically in the middle of the night. Now program 

participants have special signs affixed to their windshields explaining their 

seemingly bizarre behavior. 


IDS and OUtS 

loon monitor 

Patti Roqqenkamp 

MNES 

O

AS A WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHER, I pursue 

white-tailed deer year-round. 

But by far my favorite time to 

photograph whitetails is during the fall 

breeding season, the time deer hunters 

call the rut. That is when big bucks are at 

their physical peaks, when they are most 

active and least wary, and when they 

sometimes even act goofy because procreation 

is a priority. 

On three occasions I've had a ringside seat 

at an event seldom seen by humans—an allout 

battle between two mature bucks. Those 

SEBTEUffiER-OcTOBER

Will moss really grow on the horns of an old buck? No. The appellation 

"mossyhorns" springs from the shredded bark imbedded in the burr 

at the base of the antlers (below) when a buck abrades saplings 

(right), leaving scent from its forehead glands as part of the mating ritual. 

These "rubs" serve as visual and olfactory signposts to other deer. 

buck brawls were no sparring matches between immature 

deer, which are common occurrences. The nastiest of those 

buck fights remains the most exciting natural event I've ever 

witnessed. That battle between two big bucks lasted 30 minutes, 

and four antler tines snapped during the brouhaha, 

which ended in a draw. 

Fights between rutting bucks can cause injury or even 

death. Last November, walking back to my truck following 


During the rut, whitetail bucks become bolder 

and more active as increased levels of testosterone 

course through their bodies. Many 

hunters (below) depend on the bucks' carelessness and 

preoccupation with mating. In "rattling," the hunter 

bangs two antlers together to simulate the sound of 

two bucks fighting over a doe in estrus. The sound of 

the fight, many hunters believe, lures bucks. 


Large antlers, a thick neck, and heavy shoulders 

are the signs of a healthy, mature buck, 

at least 3'/ 2 years old, during the rut. In a 

herd with a balanced sex ratio and age distribution, 

such bucks do most of the breeding. Under 

Minnesota's management system, hunting pressure 

on bucks is high, so only a few bucks survive their 

third hunting season. Not many reach bruiser status. 

an afternoon of deer photography, I found a dead buck with 

10-point antlers, lying at the base of an oak ridge. I presumed 

the buck had been shot and lost by a hunter, or had 

staggered into the woods after being struck by an automobile. 

But as I examined the carcass, I realized my assumptions 

were incorrect. A quick autopsy revealed numerous 

puncture wounds through the ribs and into the lungs, 


Two mature bucks wage a furious battle for 

the right to breed (above). Seldom witnessed, 

the fights usually begin over a doe 

in estrus, with neither buck able to intimidate 

the other through visual displays. Broken antler 

tines (below) attest to the power of these battles. 

Sometimes even main beams snap. Other 

common injuries include split ears, gouged eyes, 

and neck and facial cuts. 


apparently inflicted by the tines of an opposing buck. The 

dead buck's right eye was swollen almost shut, and the skull 

bone just below the eye socket was shattered where a tine 

had penetrated. It was the only buck I have ever found that I 

knew had died from battle. 9 

BillMarchel, Fort Ripley, is a free-lance wildlife photographer who 

specializes in noncaptive subjects. Reach him at www.billmarchel.com.

An older, larger buck (left) is usually 

able to intimidate its younger, 

smaller rivals without a fight. 

When a doe is in breeding condition, a 

tending buck is invariably nearby. During 

a doe's estrus, which lasts less than two 

days, a buck may breed her several 

times. Breeding (right) is over in less 

than 10 seconds. Most breeding takes 

place during early to mid-November. 

The rut takes its toll. Mature bucks may 

lose 30 percent of their body weight 

during the breeding season. Afterward, 

they must rest and replenish their bodies. 

Acorns and farm crops such as corn and soybeans 

are favorite deer foods in early winter.




Continued from page 17 

EDWARD AND FAYE' 

MILLER 

JACOB MILLER 

JAMES A. MILLER 

JEFFREY M. MILLER 

JOHN MILLER 

MICHAEL P. MILLER 

R. FAY MILLER 

SUE K. MILLER 

SUSAN 

MILLS 

MICHAELT. 

MINDRUM 

MICHAEL S. MINKLER 

MINNESOTA 

DEER 

HUNTERS ASSOCIATION 

MINNESOTA 

SPORTSMENS CLUB 

HAROLD M. MINOR 

CHARLEY F. MITCHELL 

FRANK J. MITCHELL 

JANET MITCHELL 

PETE MOBERC 

JEAN L. MOECKEL 

DARLEN 

R. MOLITOR 

MOCREN 

DENNIS MOLL 

DOUGLAS 

MONSHAUCEN 

JUDITH R. MONSON 

TOM 

MONTAGUE 

THOMAS W. 

DAVID E. MOONEN 

MONTREUIL 

BILL AND LUCY MOORE 

BRUCE 

JUNE 

MOORE 

MOORE 

ROBERT L. MOORE 

THOMAS 

JEAN 

MOORE 

MOORHEAD 

ROBERT W. MORDICK 

CHARLES S. MORELL 

PATRICK 

STAN 

JOHN 

MOREN 

MOREN 

MORIARTY 

MAGGIE MORIS 

JOHN 

CYNTHIA 

MORLEY 

MORRIS 

WILLIAM J. MORRIS 

JOE MORRISETTE 

ED AND BETH 

JERRY MORTENSON 

TOM 

MORTENSON 

CRAIG MORTON 

MORSMAN 

RICHARD J. MOSACK 

ALONZO R. MOSES 

CAROL A. MOULTON 

MICHELE MOXON 

BENNETT 0. MOYLE 

KATHY MROZEK 

ELLEN MUEHLENTHALER 

ROBERT D. MUELLER 

HOWARO MUNSON 

JOHN A. MURCH 

KELLIE MURPHY 

LEROY MURPHY 

DR. ROBERTA. MURRAYJR. 

DR. ROBERT J. 

MURTAUGH 

HARRY MUSTARD 

CARLTON J. MYERS 

ARLING AND RUTH 

MYHRE 

C.C. MYKLEBY 

KEN MYRAN 

CARLT. NARVESTAD 

MICHAEL NAUMANN 

CHARLES W. NAYLOR 

PHILIP NEAL 

LISA NEELY 

ALYCE NEETZEL 

AL NEIBACHER 

MARGARET NEIBLING 

TOM NEID 

PETER J. NEKOLA 

ANN NELSON 

BARBARA L. NELSON 

BRANT AND ANDREA 

NELSON 

DANIEL D. NELSON 

DENNIS J. NELSON 

GARY D. NELSON 

GERALD NELSON 

GLORIA M. NELSON 

KAT NELSON 

KEITH R. NELSON 

KIM NELSON 

MARY W. NELSON 

NANCY NELSON 

NEIL NELSON 

STEVEN F. NELSON 

VERNON M. NELSON 

WILLIAM AND PAT 

NELSON 

NANCY NELTON 

DOROTHY A. NEUDAHL 

PAUL AND CATHY 

NEUMAYER 

JOHN C. NEWMAN SR. 

WILMER D. NEWTON 

JAMES L. NICHOLS 

MICHAEL NICHOLS 

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JANE S. NIEMI 

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NIENABER 

CHRISTOPHER J. NIESEN 

TERRY AND CAROLL 

NIEWOLNY 

VERDIE NISKANEN 

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STEVEN J. NOAKES 

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JERRY NOREEN 

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SHERYL NORRGARD 

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NORTHERN PINES 

ORTHOPEDIC CLINIC 

SCOTT NORTON 

ANDY NORWIG 

CHRIS AND WENDY 

NOVAK 

ERV AND GINA NOYES 

RICHARD NUBSON 

NORMAJ. NUESSMEIER 

GEORGE NUNGENT 

ROBERT NYBO 

HJALMER A. NYQUIST 

MICHAEL V. O'BRIEN 

PATRICK O'BRIEN 

RICH O'BRIEN 

PAT 0'DONNELL 

THOMAS AND ANN 

0'KEEFE 

MIKE AND SHARI 0'NEIL 

JOHN J. O'NEILL 

GARY OBELE 

MARK OBERG 

OHRN V. ODETTE 

JOHN OEHLKE 

WILLIAM C. OGDAHL 

JAMES W. OGILVIE 

RANDY D. OGREN 

GREGORY L. OJA 

PAUL L. OLEHEISER 

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ART OLSON 

CHRISTINE M. OLSON 

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ELEANOR B. OLSON 

EMILY OLSON 

J.D. OLSON 

KATHLEEN OLSON 

KERRY B. OLSON 

LEONARD R. OLSON 

PEARL 0. OLSON 

TIM 

OLSON 

TODD AND ANDREA 

OLSON 

WARREN OLSON 

WARREN A. OLSON 

ERLING 0. OLSSON 

RENEE 0. OLSTEN 

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ORTONVILLE SECONDARY 

MARCI L. OSBORN 

JOAN OSELL 

ANN OSGOOD 

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NORMAN R. OSTERBY 

DOUG W. OSTERGREN 

STAN R. OSTROM 

KATHY OTREMBA 

MARLIN E. OTTERNESS 

PEDER A. OTTERSON 

BUTCH OTTO 


to all of You 

DANIEL OTTO 

RICHARD OVERHOLSER 

WILLIAM E. OVERLAND 

MARTHA OVIATT 

DR. RICHARD R. OWEN 

JAMES W. OWENS 

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M. OWENS JR. 

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PALMER LAKE 

ASSOCIATION 

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WILLARDJ. PATTY JR. 

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GERMAIN 

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FERDINAND F. PETERS 

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PETERSON 

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PETERSON 

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GLORIA PHELPS 

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PICHLER 

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TIMOTHY 

JOHN PIETILA 

PIERZINA 

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MRS. DAN PINCE 

KURT AND JUDITH PINKE 

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LYLE E. PITHEON 

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LISA B. PLACHTA 

ROBERT L. PLETAN 

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MARY C. PLOURDE 

GENEVIEVE M. PLUMB 

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TIMOTHY B. PLUNKETT 

RUDY PLUTH 

IRVING H. POISSANT 

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PORATH 

GREGORY E. POSCH 

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PRAIRIE RESTORATIONS 

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LISA AND BRIAN 

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CARVINGS 

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NANCY QUAM 

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MICHAEL D. AND BETTY 

QUAYLE 

ELIZABETH QUICKSELL 

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TIM RADKE 

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PAUL RASMUSSEN 

DEAN RAU 

FREDERICK L. RAYMAN 

JR. 

DICK 

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JIM 

REBER 

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ED REED JR. 

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RIECK 

RICK RIEDELS 

JONATHAN RIEHLE 

ROGER AND PAM 

RIELAND 

TOM RILEY 

LOIS RINGQUIST 

LARRY AND KARLA 





RISLOV 

RIVERS COUNCIL OF 

MINNESOTA 

CLARENCE A. ROBERTS 

JAMES ROBERTS 

JEAN ROBERTS 

AUDREY ROBERTSON 

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SHANNON ROBINS 

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CROW 

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MRS. JAMES R. RULE 

LAURA RUNK 

ORLANDO R. 

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DARYL AND MARY 

RUSERT 

CORDON E. RUSTAD 

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CASEY RUTHERFORD 

SUE RUTLEDGE 

ALAN K. RUVELSON JR. 

FRANK AND JOY RUZICH 

NOEL ANN RYAN 

THOMAS C. RYAN 

DOUGLAS R. RYDEN 

VERN 

RYLANDER 

ROSS SAFFORD 

LEROY B. SAHLIN 

SAINT PETER SENIOR 

HIGH SCHOOL 

MARY P. ST. VINCENT 

SALIX ECOLOGICAL 

TOM 

RESOURCES 

SALKOWSKI 

GEORGE F. SAMEC 

CAROLYN 

SAMPSON 

CURT SAMPSON 

JON AND FAY SAMPSON 

BRUCE E. SAMUELSON 

DAN AND MARY SAND 

ALYCE AND DEAN 

SANDERSON 

TIMOTHY B. SANDS 

DAVID C. SANFTJR. 

LARRY SANNEMAN 

MICHAEL L. SANOSKI 

SANTORI CHIROPRACTIC 

CENTER 

DICK SARAFOLEAN 

WILLIAM B. SATTERNESS 

RONALD J. SAUKKO 

LONNY SAULSBURY 

MAUREEN SCAGLIA 

DUANE AND JANE 

SCEPANIAK 

ROBERT P. SCHACK 

KATE SCHAEFERS 

DENISE SCHARLEMANN 

DANIEL S. SCHAUB 

DENNIS SCHEER 

RALPH A. SCHEER 

DAVID SCHEERER 

BILL SCHELL 

THERESE SCHELLER 

FREDERICK SCHENDEL 

MRS. C. PERRY SCHENK 

HAROLD E. SCHEPPER 

ROGER SCHERER 

MYRON SCHETTL 

TIMOTHY A. SCHILLING 

CLIFFORD A. SCHIMM 

EARL AND CHERYL R. 

SCHINDELDECKER 

DALE M. SCHIRMER 

BOB SCHLEKEWY 

WILLIAM V. 

SCHLEPPEGRELL 

PAUL SCHLICK 

L.W. SCHLUTER 

CONRAD SCHMID 

DAVE F. SCHMIDT 

GERHARD SCHMIDT 

J. STEPHEN SCHMIDT 

JAMES J. SCHMIDT 

LORI J. SCHMIDT 

ROBERT A. SCHMIDT 

VALERIE SCHMIDT 

DALE SCHMIDTKE 

BERNIE SCHMITT 

MEL SCHMITZ 

CHARLES L. SCHNEIDER 

JAMES SCHNEIDER 

KEVIN W. SCHNEIDER 

MICK SCHNEIDER 

STEVE SCHNEIDER 

HERBERT A. SCHOENING 

THOMAS SCHOEPKE 

K. SCHOLL 

NANCY SCHOTZKO 

GENE SCHOUVILLER 

DONALD R. SCHOW II 

AL SCHRAMM 

REV. NORMAN W. 

SCHRAMM 

W. MELVIN SCHRAMM 

MIKE SCHREIBER 

HAROLD J. SCHREIFELS 

ERNIE SCHROEDER 

GRETCHEN SCHROEDER 

NORMAN P. SCHROEDER 

ROBERTA. SCHROEDER 

ROBERT SCHUETTE 

DENNIS AND PAM 

SCHULSTAD 

LEONARD SCHULTE 

DAVID SCHULTZ 

HERBERT SCHULTZ 

MARCIA SCHULTZ 

CHARLES SCHULZ 

FRED A. SCHULZ 

RALPH W. SCHULZ 

CAROL J. SCHUMACHER 

DEAN SCHUMACHER 

FAMILY 

LEO SCHUMACHER 

MICHAEL D. SCHUMANN 

AND MIN XU 

JEFF SCHUNEMAN 

JAMES SCHUTE 

ROBERT A. SCHWAAB 

TOM SCHWALEN 

DENISE SCHWANDT 

JAMES W. SCHWARTZ 

PETER SCHWARTZ 

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ORVILLE A. SCHWARZ 

ALFRED SCHWARZE 

KURT SCHWARZE 

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SCH WARZROCK 

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SCHWEBKE 

BOB SCHWOB 

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SEBEKA/ZMENAHGA REVIEW 

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CECELIA SEEHUSEN 

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INTA SELLARS 

AUDREE SELLS 

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CHAD SERBUS 

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JANICE SEVERS 

KATHY SHANE 

ELLEN SHANNON 

SCOTT W. SHARKEY 

DENNIS L. SHARP 

LARRY SHARPE 

JOHN AND KRIS SHASKY 

CRAIG H. SHAVER III 

WILLIAM J. SHEA 

NATHAN AND RHONDA 

SHEAGLEY 


to !M of You 

MELISSA SHELDON 

JAMES R. SHERMAN 

JOHN SHERMAN 

PHYLLIS H. SHERMAN 

WAYNE SHERWOOD 

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MARK SICKMANN 

TOM SICORA 

DANN SIEMS 

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LINDA SIFFORD 

ROBERT Q. SIGFORD 

ROBERT SIME 

FORREST SIMENSON 

JULIE A. SIMON 

P.L. SIMON 

MICHAEL SIMON SR. 

J.T. SIMONITSCH 

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STEVEN SJOBLAD 

JACK SJOHOLM JR. 

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DALE SORENSEN 

DAVID L. SORENSEN 

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D. DEAN SPATZ 

TED AND BARBARA 

SPAULDING 

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KEVIN STILES 

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JERRY THOMPSON 

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RUBY V. THOMPSON 

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BEEK 

E.H. VAN BERGEN 

DR. R.G. VAN DELLEN 

KRISTIN K. VANN 

GARTH VANOSS 

CHARLES M. VARNEY 

KYLE VEDEN 

MARY VEIT 

BEN VERBICK 

GENE VERDICK 

MARY B. VERGIN 

ED VESELY 

GEN. JOHN W. VESSEY 

KEVIN VETSCH 

J.E. VIEROW 

PAUL VIERZBA 

OSCAR B. VIKER 

MYRTLE VIKLA 

VIRGINIA VINK 

CARL H. VOELZ 

BRENT VOIGT 

ROBERT VOJTECH 

KENNETH VOLLMERS 

HERMANN VON 

JAMES WALL 

MARIANNE B. WALLMAN 

ROBERT WALSH 

VICTOR WALSOVICH 

DAVID F. WALTER 

FAY WALTHER 

MARCIA WARD 

SHARON L. WARD 

BYRON WARE 

GEORGE A. WARP 

PAUL WARREN 

TODD WARREN 

ANN AND DAVID 

WASSON 

LLOYD A. WASSON 

LUCERNE WASSON 

DAVID WATERCOTT 

LINDA WATSON 

JOHN WATTENHOFER 

MARY Jo WEBBER 

DOUGLAS WEBER 

THOMAS E. WEBER 

WILLIAM B. WEBSTER 

WEE WILLIE BAND 

HAROLD L. WEED 

MARYLYN WEFELMEYER 

C. WEHRMACHER 

KAREN WEIBLEN 

MARY WEIMER 

DAN WEINBERGER 

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WEINZIERL 

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WEISKE 

HARRY S. WEISS JR. 

WILLIAM WEISS 

JOHN J. WEITZ 

LEO W. WELKE 

CHAD A. WELLMANN 

RENO C. WELLS 

JEANNE WELNA 

ROSE WELTON 

DANIEL WENDORF 

WESTLING 

ROD WESTRUM 

DAN WETENKAMP 

GEORGE P. WETZEL 

DAVE WEULANDER 

JOHN WHEELER 

ERVIN D. WHITE 

IRVEN C. WHITE 

JAMES P. WHITE 

RAY WHITEHILL 

JAMES WHITING 

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RICHARD WICKLUND 

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HAVEN WIEGERS 

ROBERT L. WIEMAN 

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WILKEN 

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JIM WILKUS 

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WILLETT 

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WILLEY 

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WILLIAMSON 

ROBERT F. WILLIAMSON 

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KATHLEEN WILLSON 

GERALD E. WILSON 

MRS. LEONARD G. 

DAVID R. TUFF 

MARILYN TUFF 

LISA TULLER 

DR. TOM TUNBERG 

WILLIAM TURCOTTE 

PHILLIP TURNER 

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TIM AND SANDY TURRI 

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MIKE TYMINSKI 

HOWARD UDENBERG 

KNOBELSDORFF 

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MARY ANN VUKICH 

JAMES R. WACKLER 

DAVE AND BETTY WADE 

LENNE R. WAGNER 

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F.J. WALL 

TODD AND AMY 

WENTWORTH 

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NANCY WERNER- 

AZARSKI 

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WILSON 

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ALLEN 

JAMES AND LYNN WING 

SYLVIA WINKELMAN 

RONALD AND ALICE 

WINN 

JOHN M. WINSLOW 

FREDERICK WINSTON 


to till of You 

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Many thanks 

to

SEPTEMBER 

I Volunteer seed collecting, Weaver Dunes 

Preserve, Kellogg, other dates and places. 

The Nature Conservancy, 612-331-0762. 

7 Prairie seed collecting, weekends through 

Oct. 27, Wild River State Park, Center City. 

6 — 8 Trapper education workshop, Laurentian 

Environmental Learning Center, Britt, 

888-749-1288. 

I I Birding Boat, ranger-guided birdwatching 

on Mississippi River, St. Paul, 651-227-1100. 

13-15 Hawk Weekend, Duluth, 218-724-0261 

or hawkridge.org. 

14 Electrofishing demonstration, Whitewater 

State Park, Altura. 

14 Naturalist program on animal tails, 

Gooseberry Falls State Park, Two Harbors. 

17 Planetarium show on American 

Indian ideas of sky, Sundays and Mondays 

through Nov. 11, MSUM Regional Science 

Center, 218-236-3982. 

21 Beach Sweep, shore cleanup, Great Lakes 

Aquarium, Duluth, 877-866-3474, ext. 1038. 

21 Volunteer to collect prairie seed, Grey 

Cloud Dunes SNA, other volunteer opportunities, 

call the DNR Information Center, below. 

21—22 Fall gathering re-enactment, 

North West Company Fur Post, Pine City, 

320-629-6356. 

21—22 Folkswalk, hike, Glendalough State 

Park, Battle Lake, 320-253-6595. 

25 Hidden World of Bears, exhibit, through 

Jan. 5, Bell Museum of Natural History, 

Minneapolis, 612-624-7083. 

30 Beginning botanical watercolor class, 

Mondays through Nov. 4, Minnesota School 

of Botanical Art, Minneapolis, 612-920-2013. 

OCTOBER 

11—13 Becoming an Outdoors Woman 

hunting weekend, Eagle Bluff Environmental 

Learning Center, Lanesboro, 507-467-2437. 

12 Pheasant opener. 

l6—l8 Watchable Wildlife Conference, 

encourage wildlife-related tourism, St. Paul, 

651-433-4100. 

25—27 Grand Marais Birding Festival, 

register by Oct. 19, 888-922-5000. 

DNR Contact Information 

DNR INFORMATION CENTER 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4040 

E-mail info@dnr.state.mn.us; telephone 651-296-6157 or toll-free in state 888-646-6367 

(888-MINNDNR); TTY (hearing impaired) 651-296-5484 or TTY toll-free in state 800-657-3929 

STATE PARK CAMPSITE OR LODGING RESERVATIONS toll-free in U.S. and Canada 866-857-2757; 

international 605-718-3030; TTY 866-290-2267; web site: www.stayatmnparks.com 

VOLUNTEER SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS 651-296-0888; e-mail: 

web site: www.dnr.state.mn.us/magazine 

sue.ryan@dnr.state.mn.us; 

DNR WEB SITE 

www.dnr.state.mn.us 


FIELD NOTES 

Here, Ducky Ducky 

Looking to improve your 

duck-calling capabilities? 

Check out www.ducks.org/ 

wa te rfowl i ng/ca 11 i ng/d uc k 

_calling_tips.asp. The site 

contains advice from expert 

callers along with 

audio samples to help you 

polish your act. 

Listen to the 

Critter Man 

Squirrels in the soffit? Bats in the 

belfry? Check out The Critter Control 

Handbook by Dan "The Critter Man" 

Hershey. This 176-page guide offers 

advice for preventing and resolving 

conflicts between people and moles 

skunks, wasps, pigeons, and more. 

Check your favorite library or bookstore, 

or contact Voyageur Press at 

800-888-9653. 

Home Sweet Home 

The DNR web site got a face lift recently: a new 

design and new organization with lake maps, 

state parks, wildlife, weather conditions, fishing, 

and more. Before you head out to enjoy Minnesota's 

grand outdoors, explore the new DNR web 

site to find the information you need to make the 

most of your adventure. Visit www.dnr.state.mn. 

us. Comments on the new site are welcome. Send 

them to webmaster@dnr.state.mn.us. 

M ississippi Yields 

Record Turtle 

Two state-record softshell turtles turned up this summer 

in a study—conducted by the DNR and U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service—in Weaver Bottoms, a large backwater 

of the Mississippi near Winona. 

The more spectacular, for sheer size, was a spiny softshell 

(Apalone spinifera), discovered by Michael Pappas, 

a 30-year veteran of turtle research in the area, as he 

waded the shallows to trap turtles, which he weighs, 

measures, determines the sex of, and marks by drilling 

small holes along the edge of the shell. The turtle's shell, 

flat and leathery, like a big moldy flapjack, measured 

19.25 inches, beating the old state record by Vi inch. The 

turtle, a gravid female, weighed 22 pounds and 

carried 24 ping-pong-ball-size eggs. She was estimated 

to be 60 to 70 years old. 

"It is phenomenal to find a female turtle of this 

size," according to Jaime Edwards, a DNR 

nongame wildlife specialist. The DNR Nongame 

Wildlife Program is helping fund Pappas' work to 

learn more about the number of turtles and the 

abundance of various species in the area. "Because 

of the commercial trapping on the Mississippi 

River, large softshells are hard to come by." 

Turtles are slow to mature. 

Females of most species begin to 

reproduce only after they are 

several years old—sometimes as 

old as 15. "It is important to retain 

the larger females in the population 

because they are the most 

reproductively active," Edwards 

said. "As a result, the adult females 

in turtle populations are critical to 


the long-term 

survival of each 

population." 

This summer 

Pappas also 

captured a 12.5 

inch, 7.5 pound 

smooth softshell 

(A. mutica), a 

state record for that species. That female also 

carried eggs. Smooth softshells, listed as a species of 

special concern in the state, are declining in number 

across Minnesota. 

Both record turtles were released near where they were 

captured. 

"In the Mississippi, of more than 2,500 turtles caught 

in the last two years in the Weaver Bottoms, only 1 

percent were smooth softshells," Edwards said. "This 

indicates things are not looking good habitat-wise for 

the Weaver Bottoms, which should be crawling with 

smooth softshells." The smooth softshell prefers swift 

rivers with lots of aquatic vegetation—a description of 

Weaver Bottoms in years gone by, but not today. 

Flooded in the 1930s when the construction of Lock 

and Dam No. 5 backed up the river, Weaver Bottoms 

enjoyed a brief surge of productivity. Aquatic vegetation 

flourished and waterfowl fed in huge flocks. But in recent 

decades, silt has filled in the backwater. Increasingly turbid 

water has killed the vegetation. Muddy water has made life 

difficult for softshell turtle species, which feed by sight on 

small fish and other aquatic 

creatures, Edwards said. 

The study of Weaver 

Bottoms, which began in 

2001, will help the agencies 

make decisions on regulation 

changes and habitat 

management in and along 

the Mississippi River. # 

All About Birds 

What kind of food attracts 

orioles? Why does that sparrow 

keep flying into my window? 

Questions tr Answers About 

Backyard 

Birds, by Minnesota bird 

experts Jim Williams and 

Anthony Hertzel, can help solve 

your bird-related mysteries. To 

obtain a copy, check your local 

bookstore or call Adventure 

Publications, 800-678-7006. 

Name That Rock 

You can view and learn the 

names of a dozen of Minnesota's 

common rocks by 

visiting the Minnesota 

Geological Survey's Virtual 

Egg Carton at www.geo. 

umn.edu/mgs/virt_egg/ 

secondpg.htm. Click on the 

rock samples in the carton to 

learn more about each type. 

Tropical Delight 

Animal lovers who plan to travel to Central America will 

find a valuable reference in the new Field Guide to the 

Wildlife of Costa Rica by author and biologist Carrol Henderson. 

The 560-page book offers color photos and descriptions 

of butterflies and other invertebrates, amphibians, 

reptiles, birds (many summer residents of Minnesota), 

and mammals, as well as insights into the area's geography 

and ecology. To order, see www.utexas.edu/utpress 

or call University of Texas Press at 800-252-3206. 


MINNESOTA PROFILE 

f 

V^attails (Typha latifolia, T. 

angustifolia) 

Name and Number Minnesota harbors two species of cattails, plus a 

hybrid. The scientific "first name," or genus, for cattail is Typha, from the 

Greek typhe, meaning cattail. For narrow-leaved cattail, the species name 

is angustifolia (angust means narrow, and folia is Latin for leaf). Our broadleaved 

species is latifolia (lati is Latin for broad). The hybrid of these 

two species is called Typha xglauca 

(glauca is Latin for bluish green). 

Range and Habitat Broad-leaved cattail grows in shallow wetlands 

statewide, while narrow-leaved cattail occurs in all but the northeast. 

While both species grow in marshes and ditches along shorelines, 

narrow-leaved tends to occur in deeper, more alkaline water. 

Appearance Cattails have a two-part spike of minute, densely packed 

flowers. The male portion at the top appears yellow when full of pollen 

in early summer. Male flowers drop off after wind disperses the pollen. 

The lower, female part of the spike appears green during summer and 

has thousands of tiny flowers. (Someone once counted 148,000.) 

The two species can be told apart by the distance between the male 

part of the spike and the female (in broad-leaved cattail, the parts are 

usually contiguous; in narrow-leaved, they are separated by an inch or 

more) and by the width of the leaves (in narrow-leaved cattail, they 

are up to 1/2-inch wide; in broad-leaved, they are 1/2 to 1 inch wide). 

The hybrid has traits that are intermediate between narrow-leaved and 

broad-leaved cattails, although its spike and leaves may be longer. 

Reproduction The long, straplike leaves and the stalk holding the flower 

spike emerge in spring from sprouts formed in fall on a thick 

underground stem called a rhizome. By late summer the pollinated 

female flowers have developed into tiny brown nutlets with many hairs 

to ensure dispersal by wind. Anyone who has tried to keep cattails in 

the house without spraying the spikes with hair spray knows this is an 

effective dispersal mechanism. 

W 

s 

Wild Food From fall through spring, cattail rhizomes are full of starch and, 

together with cattail shoots, form much of a muskrat's diet. Humans 

who enjoy wild edibles also eat some parts of cattails. 

Extensive colonies can form relatively quickly. A summer's growth 

may lead to a rhizome system 10 feet in diameter with 

100 shoots. Many a duck hunter hidden in a natural blind 

of 7-foot-tall leaves has been grateful for this productivity. 

Janet Boe, DNR plant ecologist 

-A 

MINNESOTA CONSERVATION VOLUNTEER

Looking 

for LOVE 

In autumn, bucks chasedoes and battle other bu 

for the right to breed. See a photographic essay o 

the rut on page 62. Photograph by Bi 

i 

To become a new subscriber or to get 

information on your current subscription, call 

the DNR Information Center, 888-646-6367.

Many 'Thanks - webapps8 - Minnesota Department of Natural ...

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