BIOGEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA

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BIOGEOGRAPHY
OF INDONESIA
Ani Mardiastuti
MESOZOIC ERA (200 million years ago)
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Distribution of Ratites
Distance does not matter
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND ANIMAL
DISTRIBUTION
Biogeographic Regions
Sclater—Birds, Marine Mammals
Wallace—Terrestrial Mammals
Hooker—Plants
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The World‟s Zoogeographic Regions
from Time to Time
FATHER OF BIOGEOGRAPHY
Philip Lutley Sclater
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Zoogeographic Regions
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Zoogeographic Region
1. Holarctic (Palearctic plus Nearctic)
a. Palearctic
Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Asia (except India,
Pakistan and SE Asia) and Middle East.
Number of vertebrate families = 42; Endemics
families = 0.
b. Nearctic
Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics
Number of families = 37; endemics = 2.
2. Neotropical
Tropical Mexico south to South America, Antilles
Number of families = 50; endemics = 19.
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3. Ethiopian
Madagascar, Africa south of the Sahara, southern
Arabian Peninsula
Number of families = 52; endemics = 18.
4. Oriental
Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Philippines,
Indonesia west of Wallace's line (Sumatra, Java,
Borneo)
Number of families = 50; endemics = 4.
5. Australian
6. Oceanic
Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Indonesian
Islands east of Wallace's line (Celebes, Timor, etc.)
NOTE: does not include New Zealand
Number of families = 28; endemics = 17.
Oceans of the world and truly oceanic, isolated,
small islands
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Endemic Fauna of Sulawesi
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Zoogeographic Regions for Marine Species (based on marine mammals)
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Phytogeographic Regions of the World
Floristic Regions (Good‟s)
1. Boreal or Holarctic
2. Neotropical
3. Paleotropical
4. Cape or South African
5. Australian
6. Antarctic
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Nikolai Vavilov's centers of origin:
Southeast Asia - coconut, rice, sugarcane
China - Chinese cabbages, soybean
India - cucumbers, eggplant, pigeonpea
Turkey-Iran - wheat, barley, oats, figs
Mediterranean - almonds, cabbage, olives
Mexico/Central America - maize, tomato
Andes/Brazil/Paraguay - peppers, potato, rubber
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Global Climate Pattern
Global Warming and Shift of Plant Distribution
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Biodiversity Hotspots
(Conservation International)
17 Wallaces’ Biogeographic Principles
1. Distance alone does not determine degree of
biogeographic affinity.
2. Climate has strong, but not complete, effect on
taxonomic similarity.
3. Prerequisites for determining biogeographic patterns:
detailed knowledge of distributions
natural classification of organisms
theory of evolution
knowledge of extinct forms
knowledge of historical geology
4. Fossil record is positive record of past migrations.
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5. Present biota strongly influenced by last geological
and climatic events.
6. Competition, predation, etc. influence distribution,
dispersal, extinction.
7. Discontinuous ranges result (sometimes) from
extinction or habitats mosaics.
8. Species results from geographic isolation and local
adaptation.
9. Disjunctions of genera and higher taxa are older than
those between species.
10. Oceanic islands usually colonized through longdistance
dispersal.
11. Past land connections reflect current distributions of
poor dispersers.
12. Adaptive radiations can occur when predation
and competition are reduced.
13. Suturing formerly isolated biotas can lead to
extinctions through competition.
14. Current and historical processes can act at
different intensities.
15. Island biotas form according to island type (landbridge,
oceanic).
16. Patterns are simplified in island biotas, making
them important model systems.
17. To analyze the history of a regional biota:
phylogenetic and distributional data.
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Human Influence on Original Species
Distribution
Human colonization
Harvest flora and fauna
Introduction of new species
Reintroduction
Human Colonization
Competition with indigenous human /
flora / fauna
Impact :
Failure of colonization
Coexistence
Extirpation of indigenous
human/flora/fauna
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Cases
Americans vs. First Nations (“Indian”)
Australians vs. Aborigins
Harvest of Flora and Fauna
Related to human colonization
Impact :
Decrease or extinction of some species,
esp. endemic species
Habitat degradation
Community change
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Cases : Extinction
Passenger Pigeon
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Birds of Hawaii
Human: the „intelligent‟ creature
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Animal Extinction Since 1600
Taxon Island Continents
Birds 97 20
Molluscs 151 40
Mammals 34 24
Reptiles 22 1
Amphibians 0 2
Insects 51 10
Total 355 97
Habitat Degradation
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Community Change
Introduction of New Species
Sentimental reason
‣ European Starling
‣ Water hyacinth
Production
‣ Eucalyptus
‣ Ostrich
‣ Long-tailed Macaques
Why introduce species ?
‣ Various domesticated species
“Control” of pest
‣ Mongoose in Hawaii
‣ Dingo in Australia
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Domesticated Plants & Animals
Alien species around us
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Trends
Floriculture species
Horticulture
Aquaria
Agriculture
Pets
Sylviculture
Estate crops
Usually ok if
NON-INVASIVE
Global Problem :
Invasive Alien Species
Indigenous Species decrease or
extinct
Carp vs. trout in US rivers
Cause problems to human
Water hyacinth (eceng gondok),
Keong emas
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Alien sp.
Alien species sometimes lead to
transmission of new disease and new
pests
Some diseases zoonosis
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Cases in Indonesia
„Kutu loncat‟
New Castle Disease
Avian influenza (Flu burung)
Anthrax
Reintroduction
Try to “fix” ecosystem
Case:
‣ Bali Starling in Bali
‣ Rote Island Snake-necked Turtle
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