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Pigeonpea B i b l i o g r a p h y
legumes. The c u r v a t u r e o f the o v u l e s i s
towards t h e apex of t h e o v a r y . Ovules a r e
more or l e s s c a m y l o t r o p o u s . The s y n e r g i d s
o f Cajanus possess w e l l - d e f i n e d f i l i f o r m
a p p a r a t u s . The p o l a r n u c l e i m i g r a t e
towards each o t h e r and f u s e to f o r m t h e
p r i m a r y endosperm n u c l e u s . The h a p l o i d
number of chromosomes is e l e v e n .
BROUK, B. 1975.
P l a n t s consumed by man. London: Academic
P r e s s . 479 p p . Pigeonpea: p. 125. 364
Pigeonpea or Cajanus cajan ( f a m i l y Leguminosae)
i s p r o b a b l y a n a t i v e o f A f r i c a . I t
was c u l t i v a t e d i n a n c i e n t Egypt a t l e a s t
2,000 years B . C . , as is proved by t h e seeds
found in t h e tombs of the Seventh Dynasty.
I t i s a l s o p r o b a b l e t h a t pigeonpea was
b r o u g h t t o I n d i a i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s , and
i t d i v e r s i f i e d t h e r e i n t o many t y p e s . Two
v a r i e t i e s can be r e c o g n i z e d : C. cajan v a r .
flavue w h i c h has green g l a b r o u s pods
u s u a l l y w i t h t h r e e seeds and i n c l u d e s t h e
Tur c u l t i v a r s e x t e n s i v e l y c u l t i v a t e d i n
I n d i a , and C. oajan v a r . bicolor which has
h a i r y , d a r k maroon podB u s u a l l y c o n t a i n i n g
f o u r t o f i v e seeds and i n c l u d i n g a r h a r
c u l t i v a r s , grown i n n o r t h e r n I n d i a .
COBLEY, L . S . 1956.
A n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o the botany o f t r o p i c a l
c r o p s . Pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . London:
Longman , Green, pp. 158-160. 365
Pigeonpea i s c u l t i v a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e
t r o p i c s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e more a r i d a r e a s ,
s i n c e i t i s a deeply r o o t i n g , p e r e n n i a l
p l a n t and f a i r l y d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t . The
seeds a r e used t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r o p i c s as a
p u l s e . The p l a n t i s o f a n c i e n t o r i g i n and
i t s home was presumably i n t h e A f r i c a n
s u b c o n t i n e n t . The A f r i c a n t y p e s are f a i r l y
u n i f o r m . The I n d i a n types d i f f e r i n many
c h a r a c t e r s . The young stems a r e angled
and h a i r y . The leaves are a l t e r n a t e
t r i f o l i a t e s t r u c t u r e s , p e t i o l e s a r e
g r o o v e d . The l e a f l e t s are o v a l , e n t i r e ,
and s l i g h t l y h a i r y , t h e t e r m i n a l l e a f l e t
c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r than t h e l a t e r a l s . The
i n f l o r e s c e n c e s a r e s h o r t e r than t h e l e a v e s .
Each f l o w e r has a h a i r y f o u r - l o b e d c a l y x .
The stamens a r e d i a d e l p h o u s and t h e ovary
i s t a p e r i n g s t r u c t u r e , covered w i t h s h i n y
brown s i l k y h a i r s . The pods a r e s t r a i g h t ,
c o n s t r i c t e d . The seeds a r e r o u n d i s h ,
r e d d i s h - b r o w n i n c o l o r b u t v a r y i n g from
fawn t o p u r p l e . There i s a w h i t e e l l i p t i ­
c a l h i l u m , and g e r m i n a t i o n i s h y p o g e a l .
CONFODONTIS, V . G . 1957.
Cajanus oajan L. Senckenberg. B i o l .
3 8 ( 5 - 6 ) : 4 0 5 - 4 1 5 . "366
DATTA, P . C . , and ARATI DEB. 1970.
F l o r a l b i o l o g y of Cajanus oajan ( L i n n )
M i l l s p . v a r . bicolor. D.C. ( P a p i l i o n a c e a e ) .
B u l l . B o t . Soc. B e n g a l . 2 4 ( 1 - 2 ) :
135-145. 367
I n the two v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , f l o w e r i n g
p e r i o d appeared to be i n f l u e n c e d by weather
c o n d i t i o n s . Many f l o w e r s f a l l o f f b y
a b s c i s s i o n in t h e 4 days between a n t h e s i s
and f r u i t s e t t i n g . A h i g h percentage o f
cleistogamous f l o w e r s were found e a r l y i n
the f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d . F e r t i l i z a t i o n occurs
5 hours a f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n and t h i s l o n g
p e r i o d may e x p l a i n t h e l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n
o f f l o w e r s f a i l i n g t o f o r m f r u i t s .
DE, D.N. 1976.
O r i g i n , e v o l u t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
Cajanus and Phaseolus: Western Ghats as a
m i c r o c e n t r e ( A b s t r a c t ) . I n d i a n J . Genet.
P1. B r e e d . 36(1) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 . 368
A s t u d y of Cajanus and i t s m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y
and t a x o n o m i c a l l y c l o s e s t r e l a t i v e Atyloeia
i n d i c a t e d t h a t an e r e c t form of Atyloeia
has g i v e n r i s e to the c u l t i v a t e d Cajanus.
A s t u d y of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the 25 known
s p e c i e s o f A t y l o s i a i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e
f o r e s t o f t h e Upper Western Ghats i n I n d i a
i s t h e c e n t e r o f o r i g i n o f Cajanus.
DE CANDOLLE, A . P . (EDITORS). 1886.
O r i g i n o f c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s (2nd e d ) .
New Y o r k : H a f n e r . 1959. 369
DURGA PRASHAD, M.M.K., and B . L . NARASIMHA
MURTHY. 1963.
Some o b s e r v a t i o n s on a n t h e s i s and p o l l i n a ­
t i o n in r e d gram {Cajanus oajan). Andhra
A g r i c . J . 1 0 : 1 6 1 - 1 6 7 . 370
Flower buds a t t a i n e d f u l l development i n t o
f l o w e r in 19 days. Flowers opened between
35° and 44 C, t h e maximum number opening
between 43° and 44°C. The maximum d e h i s ­
cence of a n t h e r s was between 38° and 40°C.
T h r i p s seem to be the agent f o r s e l f -
p o l l i n a t i o n i n t h i s c r o p ; i n s e c t s such a s
b l i s t e r b e e t l e s and honey bees v i s i t i n g
a f t e r t h e f l o w e r opens a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t .
A f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n i t took 3 5 days f o r
m a t u r a t i o n o f the p o d .