L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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World prices on all types of minerals are subject to substantial fluctuations with time. During the last 27 years, for example, the minimum and maximum gold and copper prices differed by a factor of about 3.5 and 4.6, respectively; the time amplitude varied from 2- 3 to 5–8 years. The use of permanent quality requirements is inadmissible under such conditions. To reduce excess profits when prices for a mineral rise sharply, it is highly advisable to use temporary quality requirements with a respective decrease in its cutoff grade and minimum economic content. One of the problems frequently associated with a nation’s rich resource endowment is alleged widespread corruption linked with the abuse and manipulations by the government officials in the mining sphere. African countries and Russia are often presented as possibly the worst examples of wide spread corruption. However, this stereotype is not fully applicable in the field of natural resource management. While the Corruption Perception index of Transparency International for the Russian Federation continued to be quite negative in 2010, another important indicator, which refers to the level of transparency in research management, was among the best in the world. The Russian authorities have made their country the world’s third most transparent nation in the management of mineral resources, including the production of oil, gas, diamonds and gold. According to the Revenue Control Index, the most open nation is Brazil, followed by Norway. The least open is Turkmenistan. The main exporters of mineral resources, such Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Algeria, are also trailing the majority of the nations on the list. The rating is compiled by Transparency International, a nongovernmental international organization to fight corruption and inquire into corruption rates the world over and the Revenue Watch Institute, an international centre for economic analysis. The research concentrates on the countries making open financial reports on the production and sale of mineral resources. Almost all of the 41 countries on the list see the entrails of the earth as public domain, yet in many of these the general public is only vaguely aware of the way the authorities dispose of the national 97
wealth. True, openness alone cannot offer guarantees against inappropriate management of mineral resources, but it is nonetheless an important element of the corruption-fighting effort. Experts point out the importance of the Revenue Control Index and emphasize the fact that the oil and mining industries in the countries on the list account for 80% of their GDP. Russia has curiously moved to the third place in the world transparency ratings. The fact that Russia forms part of the leading troika in terms of transparency provides for certain preferences on the world market and is a signal that it is safe to invest in Russia. 39 The above analysis of the exiting situation in the African and Russian mining sectors shows that the efficiency of the use of their natural resource bases for the purposes of development depends in the first place on domestic policies. The latter form the local business climate for the growth of the industry in the long run. In this respect, like in many others, Russian experience and the African one are akin. The main factors substantially affecting the expansion and development of the two natural resource bases (NRBs) are: – the non-uniform distribution of reserves and mining/production targets within the territory of the country/continent; – the dependence of the efficiency of the NRB development on infrastructure; – the impact of market conditions on deposits development; – the concentration of most of the reserves of a great many minerals and their production in a small number of deposits; – the absence of the demand for a great many large deposits; – the common remoteness of mining/ production targets from processing facilities and consumers. Very large and large objects generally play a crucial and often defining part in the formation of the natural resource base (reserves) and its development (production). This feature is less pronounced for more widespread natural resources as despite a great number of their deposits/fields, which is typical of gold, crude oil, and natural gas, their medium and small deposits/fields play a relatively large role both in reserves and production. 98
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
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330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
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INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
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At certain stages of their history,
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tives. The authors are not describi
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cations, including monographs 1 and
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arena by the loftiest goals and ide
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quence, their role in the world eco
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thus the last seller of the commodi
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Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
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Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
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shore in many parts of the world. L
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Though US totally depends on import
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isk of supply shortage in the next
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long been obsolete, do exist and te
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a European-African energy forum; th
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upon the same ideology: the new roa
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Force. At the request of the UN Sec
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- The United States has sole jurisd
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uses to track terrorists. Algerian
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sum, in exchange for terminating th
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UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
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ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 50 and 51: the continent. To help African coun
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 56 and 57: 100,000 students from almost every
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73: depletion. In South Africa, output
Page 74 and 75: 25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
Page 76 and 77: Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
Page 78 and 79: The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
Page 80 and 81: ites and Miocene sediments extendin
Page 82 and 83: South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
Page 84 and 85: of competitiveness by similar produ
Page 86 and 87: tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89: The concept of resource efficiency
Page 90 and 91: vately owned. The leading enterpris
Page 92 and 93: In this respect African and Russian
Page 94 and 95: Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
Page 96 and 97: will allow the project to overcome
Page 100 and 101: 2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
Page 102 and 103: Soviet organizations supplied Alger
Page 104 and 105: that the gas crisis between Russia
Page 106 and 107: The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
Page 108 and 109: The agreement was finally signed du
Page 110 and 111: pany “Slavneft” would join a co
Page 112 and 113: DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
Page 114 and 115: for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
Page 116 and 117: licenses. They are the only Russian
Page 118 and 119: that the main aims were inter-alia
Page 120 and 121: Agency to develop plans for up to 4
Page 122 and 123: pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
Page 124 and 125: deposit also contains a Peridotite-
Page 126 and 127: and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
Page 128 and 129: Russian economy and the specifics o
Page 130 and 131: 34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
Page 132 and 133: CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
Page 134 and 135: copra, spices, other products of tr
Page 136 and 137: This theoretic and scientific aura
Page 138 and 139: and technical cooperation with Afri
Page 140 and 141: higher and specialized secondary ed
Page 142 and 143: used and repaid part of the credit.
Page 144 and 145: exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
Page 146 and 147: At the same time we recognize that
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For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
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disappeared together with their ass
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cial Representative of the Presiden
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countries and minimize the adverse
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The principled line in support of A
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Exports of Russian raw materials to
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of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
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etc. He also remarked that since th
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However, there are harbingers of a
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There was a good demand in Egypt fo
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Another promising sphere for Russia
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Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
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All these companies have permanent
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ment of the Russian Federation 105
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As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
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cooperation and hydrocarbon product
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tion." The participants in the Raba
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2009 consisted of such traditional
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From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
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(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
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Russia provided humanitarian aid to
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Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
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supplies only it is either a blatan
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On the initiative of the Ethiopian
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- Automotive and components - Capit
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led by the two Chambers and attende
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coal mixture of a new generation. T
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cial architecture and food safety a
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The talks in Luanda led the two cou
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9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
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CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
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interpretations is the intensifying
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Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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