L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ... L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...
ite production at Komi to reach 6.5 Mt/yr in the 2009-10 period. Construction of the alumina plant in Sosnogorsk had not begun, and the functioning of the alumina plant would depend on its obtaining an uninterrupted supply of bauxite from the Komi project when it achieved its design capacity to produce 6.5 Mt/yr of bauxite. The completion of the Komi project would considerably reduce the Russian aluminum industry’s dependence on foreign countries for bauxite and alumina. RUSAL planned to increase primary aluminum production to 4.4 Mt in 2008 and to 6.2 Mt in 2013, and most of the increased output would go to China. RUSAL’s acting director for marketing and sales said that Asia would account for 50% of RUSAL’s aluminum sales by 2015, of which 70% totaling more than one-third of RUSAL’s output would go to China. Also, the director predicted that Russia’s consumption of aluminum could increase by an average of 11% per year until 2015. The bauxite-alumina complex now under construction in the Komi Republic is an example of putting large mineral reserves into effective commercial development and simultaneous organization of their advanced processing, which is unique for presentday Russia. 8 Despite existing problems, the bauxite-alumina complex is the most large-scale, fast-moving and promising project among the investment projects implemented in the mining industry of the republic. The main practical outcome of the project is obvious: the construction of the Sredne-Timansky bauxite mine that has been operating for over ten years. To date, over 11 million tons of ore have been supplied to Russian alumina and aluminum plants. Bauxite consumers are the Uralsky aluminum, Boxitogorsky alumina, Bogoslovsky aluminum, and Chelyabinsky abrasive plants. The implementation of the whole project will allow a reduction in alumina imports and meeting up to 70% of the Russian aluminum industry’s demand with domestic raw material. Thousands of new jobs will be created in primary and related productions and in small business; regional domestic product of the Komi Republic will increase by 30% and Russia’s tax base by RUB7 billion. 9 69
Chromites. The price of ferrochromium reached historically high levels in 2008, and then declined in 2009 with a weakening world economy. China’s role as a chromium consumer grew along with its stainless steel production industry. China’s importance as a consumer of raw materials used in stainless steel production increased owing to its strong economic growth and the expansion of its stainless steel production. Ferrochromium production is an electrical energy-intensive process. South Africa, which accounts for about 40% of world chromite ore and ferrochromium production, experienced electrical power shortages that South Africa’s electrical power utility dealt with by rationing. Indian ferrochromium producers, which accounted for about 15% of world ferrochromium production, dealt with limited electrical power supply by putting up dedicated electrical powerplants. Kazakhstan, which accounted for about 15% of world ferrochromium production, expected increasing electrical power demand and reduced production capacity owing to aging infrastructure. World financial problems relieved electrical power demand; however, with economic recovery, the electrical power supply constraint will return unless electrical power capacity is increased. Much of the electrical power currently produced is coal-based, a carbon dioxide gas-producing process that is currently being considered for regulation because of its impact on global warming. These factors suggest that the electrical energy cost of ferrochromium production will rise in the future. 10 Copper 11 . Africa’s mine production of copper increased by about 15% in 2008 compared with that of 2007. In 2008, Zambia accounted for 58% of African copper mine production; Congo (Kinshasa), 24%; and South Africa, 11% (table 7). Africa’s share of world copper mine production was 6% in 2008. The production increase in Congo (Kinshasa) was attributable to increased output from the Etoile, the Frontier, the Kalumines, the Kinsevere, the KTO, the Ruashi, and the T17 Mines. The Dikilushi, the Kulu, the Luiswishi, and the Tilwezembe Mines were shut down in late 2008 because of the worldwide economic crisis, and the Lonshi Mine was shut down because of resource 70
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Chromites. The price <strong>of</strong> ferrochromium reached historically<br />
high levels in 2008, <strong>and</strong> then declined in 2009 with a weakening<br />
world economy. China’s role as a chromium consumer grew along<br />
with its stainless steel production industry. China’s importance as a<br />
consumer <strong>of</strong> raw materials used in stainless steel production increased<br />
owing to its strong economic growth <strong>and</strong> the expansion <strong>of</strong><br />
its stainless steel production.<br />
Ferrochromium production is an electrical energy-intensive<br />
process. South <strong>Africa</strong>, which accounts for about 40% <strong>of</strong> world<br />
chromite ore <strong>and</strong> ferrochromium production, experienced electrical<br />
power shortages that South <strong>Africa</strong>’s electrical power utility dealt<br />
with by rationing. Indian ferrochromium producers, which accounted<br />
for about 15% <strong>of</strong> world ferrochromium production, dealt<br />
with limited electrical power supply by putting up dedicated electrical<br />
powerplants. Kazakhstan, which accounted for about 15% <strong>of</strong><br />
world ferrochromium production, expected increasing electrical<br />
power dem<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> reduced production capacity owing to aging infrastructure.<br />
World financial problems relieved electrical power dem<strong>and</strong>;<br />
however, with economic recovery, the electrical power supply<br />
constraint will return unless electrical power capacity is increased.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the electrical power currently produced is coal-based, a<br />
carbon dioxide gas-producing process that is currently being considered<br />
for regulation because <strong>of</strong> its impact on global warming. These<br />
factors suggest that the electrical energy cost <strong>of</strong> ferrochromium production<br />
will rise in the future. 10<br />
Copper 11 . <strong>Africa</strong>’s mine production <strong>of</strong> copper increased by about<br />
15% in 2008 compared with that <strong>of</strong> 2007. In 2008, Zambia accounted<br />
for 58% <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n copper mine production; Congo (Kinshasa), 24%;<br />
<strong>and</strong> South <strong>Africa</strong>, 11% (table 7). <strong>Africa</strong>’s share <strong>of</strong> world copper mine<br />
production was 6% in 2008. The production increase in Congo (Kinshasa)<br />
was attributable to increased output from the Etoile, the Frontier,<br />
the Kalumines, the Kinsevere, the KTO, the Ruashi, <strong>and</strong> the T17<br />
Mines. The Dikilushi, the Kulu, the Luiswishi, <strong>and</strong> the Tilwezembe<br />
Mines were shut down in late 2008 because <strong>of</strong> the worldwide economic<br />
crisis, <strong>and</strong> the Lonshi Mine was shut down because <strong>of</strong> resource<br />
70