L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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100,000 students from almost every state in Africa have attended Chinese universities. The number of governmental scholarships has doubled between 2006 and 2009 to come to 4,000 students. In 2009 alone, over 12,000 African students were studying in China. Contacts and cooperation between the governments in such fields as culture, education, science and technology and tourism have also been expanded, providing intellectual motivation and cultural support for China-Africa cooperation 52 ; – generating revenues/hard currency and opening new markets for rival’s products. The general conclusion that stems from this analysis is that the competition between the “old” and “new” actors on the African economic playground will increase in the coming decades. The rivalry will primarily develop and intensify in the primary commodities sector. Gradually, this sector will be saturated and the external players will turn to other sectors, sub-sectors, branches and industries. This cooperation in the value-added sectors will be used as a bargaining tool to achieve better terms of access to the much desired natural resources and raw materials. In the New Millennium, Russia is neither a totally “new”, nor an “old” player on the African continent. The old Soviet heritage, especially in the sphere of political support and sometimes unparalleled altruism, staunch anti-colonial stance and massive assistance in 1960s–1970s to the creation of national economies form a very positive environment for a possible reactivation of the nation’s positions on the continent and bilateral relations with African countries. This opens for the Russian Federation a unique window of opportunity in the next ten to twelve years. On the other hand obvious stumbling blocks like the reduced economic potential, domestic problems, opportunism and profit-seeking of the bureaucracies may prove to become unsurpassable and would not allow the country to occupy a worthy place among the Africa’s privileged partners. The existing threats and challenges can be successfully tackled only by exercising a strategy, bases on a well elaborated system of measures and steps, which rely on three pillars: 1) Genuine mutually beneficial interaction; 55
2) Elaborate use of the still existing and reviving of forgotten gains and achievements of the Soviet-African cooperation; 3) Concentration on the areas of cooperation that would speed up and steady the pace of development in Africa, on the one hand, and boost the Russia’s modernization efforts, on the other. The joint cooperative work in the sphere of utilization of natural resources of both Africa and Russia, coordination of activity on the commodities markets may become the link, that will allow to pull out the whole chain of progress, development and prosperity. 1 International Energy Outlook 2008, September 2008, U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EIA-0484(2008). Washington, 2008. P. 1. 2 The Strategic Competition for the Continent of Africa. US 110th Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Washington, 2007. 3 Commission Of The European Communities Brussels, Sec (2008) 2741 The Raw Materials Initiative – Meeting Our Critical Needs For Growth And Jobs In Europe. COM(2008) 699 Brussels. 2008. P. 17. 4 Annex V to the Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. EU. Enterprise and Industry Commission. 2010. P. 4. 5 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2010 Wash., DC. P. 42. 6 Annex V to the Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. EU. Enterprise and Industry Commission. 2010. P. 39. 7 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2010 Wash., DC. P. 47. 8 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2011 Wash., DC. P. 101. 9 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2011 Wash., DC. P. 101. 10 Annex V to the Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. EU. Enterprise and Industry Commission. 2010. P. 121. 11 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2010 Wash., DC. P. 99. 12 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Familie und Jugend: World Mining Data 2010. L. Weber, G. Zsak, C. Reichl, M. Schatz. Vienna, 2010. 13 British Geological Survey: European Mineral Statistics 2004-2008. 14 Annex V to the Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. EU. Enterprise and Industry Commission. 2010. P. 4. 56
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
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330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
Page 12 and 13: cations, including monographs 1 and
Page 14 and 15: arena by the loftiest goals and ide
Page 16 and 17: quence, their role in the world eco
Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
Page 24 and 25: shore in many parts of the world. L
Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
Page 32 and 33: a European-African energy forum; th
Page 34 and 35: upon the same ideology: the new roa
Page 36 and 37: Force. At the request of the UN Sec
Page 38 and 39: - The United States has sole jurisd
Page 40 and 41: uses to track terrorists. Algerian
Page 42 and 43: sum, in exchange for terminating th
Page 44 and 45: UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 50 and 51: the continent. To help African coun
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73: depletion. In South Africa, output
Page 74 and 75: 25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
Page 76 and 77: Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
Page 78 and 79: The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
Page 80 and 81: ites and Miocene sediments extendin
Page 82 and 83: South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
Page 84 and 85: of competitiveness by similar produ
Page 86 and 87: tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89: The concept of resource efficiency
Page 90 and 91: vately owned. The leading enterpris
Page 92 and 93: In this respect African and Russian
Page 94 and 95: Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
Page 96 and 97: will allow the project to overcome
Page 98 and 99: World prices on all types of minera
Page 100 and 101: 2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
Page 102 and 103: Soviet organizations supplied Alger
Page 104 and 105: that the gas crisis between Russia
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The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
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The agreement was finally signed du
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pany “Slavneft” would join a co
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DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
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for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
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licenses. They are the only Russian
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that the main aims were inter-alia
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Agency to develop plans for up to 4
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pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
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deposit also contains a Peridotite-
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and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
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Russian economy and the specifics o
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34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
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CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
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copra, spices, other products of tr
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This theoretic and scientific aura
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and technical cooperation with Afri
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higher and specialized secondary ed
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used and repaid part of the credit.
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exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
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At the same time we recognize that
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For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
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disappeared together with their ass
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cial Representative of the Presiden
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countries and minimize the adverse
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The principled line in support of A
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Exports of Russian raw materials to
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of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
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etc. He also remarked that since th
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However, there are harbingers of a
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There was a good demand in Egypt fo
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Another promising sphere for Russia
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Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
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All these companies have permanent
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ment of the Russian Federation 105
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As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
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cooperation and hydrocarbon product
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tion." The participants in the Raba
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2009 consisted of such traditional
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From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
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(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
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Russia provided humanitarian aid to
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Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
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supplies only it is either a blatan
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On the initiative of the Ethiopian
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- Automotive and components - Capit
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led by the two Chambers and attende
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coal mixture of a new generation. T
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cial architecture and food safety a
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The talks in Luanda led the two cou
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9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
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CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
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interpretations is the intensifying
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Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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