L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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shore in many parts of the world. Land-based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed. According to the Soviet estimates dating back to 1985, the Soviet Union used to have 51 percent of the world manganese reserves. Further 5 percent was found in South Africa. After the Soviet Union collapsed the main manganese deposits remained outside Russia – in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and in Georgia. The barbaric exploitation of the CIS located resources during the years which immediately followed the partition of the USSR brought about the exhaustion of once richest deposits of the world. What remained of the largest supplier of manganese ore now are low grade ore reserves which have to be upgraded for commercial use. The current estimates by the US Geological service allege that South Africa accounts for about 75% of the world’s identified manganese resources, and Ukraine accounts for 10%. The deposits in the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications. 8 Table 1.1.4. World manganese production and reserves 2009–2010 Mine production 2009 2010 23 Reserves13 Australia 2140 2400 93000 Brazil 730 830 110000 China 2400 2800 44000 Gabon 881 1400 52000 India 980 1100 56000 Mexico 169 210 4000 South Africa 1900 2200 120000 Ukraine 375 580 140000 Other countries 1240 1400 Small World total (rounded) 10800 13000 630000 Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2011. P. 101. The US depends on imports of manganese from overseas. The dependence on individual countries is as follows. All manganese
imports from (average annual percent of total manganese imports in 2006–2009): South Africa – 35%; Gabon – 19%; China – 11%; Australia – 8%; and other – 27%. The total includes manganese ore (with average annual share of Gabon – 54%; South Africa – 17%; Australia – 12%; Brazil – 6%; and other – 11%) and ferromanganese (South Africa, 52%; China, 21%; Republic of Korea – 7%; Mexico – 5%; and other – 15%). 9 The EU dependence on imports is 91%. In 2007, 128,000 tons of manganese were produced within the European Union, by Hungary (40% of EU production), Romania (38%) and Bulgaria (22%). In the same year imports added up to 1.3 million metric tons, which is 84% of the consumption of EU member states. Together they produced some 32,195 tones of manganese (content). Major African suppliers to the EU were South Africa (426,000 tons, which constituted 31,8% of the total imports of the Union) and Gabon (337, 000 tons and 25,1% respectively). 10 Manganese deposits found in the RSA are extremely lean and would prove too costly to use with the current production standards. Import of African manganese is a sensible alternative. Today major deposits of the manganese ore are in China, India, Ghana, Brazil, South Africa, Gabon, Morocco, USA, Australia, Italy, and Austria. Gabon, the biggest supplier of the high–quality pyroxide ore, accounts for up to 20 percent of world export. However, South Africa to this day (April 108) accounts for 39 percent of all U.S. demand. All imports of this material from Africa to this superpower meet nearly 50 percent of the demand. In Russia, manganese is also a strategic material in a very short supply. Russia imports 1.6 million tons of marketable manganese ore. At the moment Russian industry requires 6.0 million tons of manganese ore (or between 1.7 million and 1.8 million tons of concentrate). This means that more than 90 percent of manganese consumed in Russia comes from other countries. Bringing this ore from Africa is by far costlier than bringing it from other places near home from former Soviet countries. Although there is an objective interest in cooperation with Africa in developing manganese ore deposits, it is not great enough to warrant Russia's rivalry with the EU and America. 11 24
Page 1 and 2: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
Page 3 and 4: 330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
Page 12 and 13: cations, including monographs 1 and
Page 14 and 15: arena by the loftiest goals and ide
Page 16 and 17: quence, their role in the world eco
Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
Page 32 and 33: a European-African energy forum; th
Page 34 and 35: upon the same ideology: the new roa
Page 36 and 37: Force. At the request of the UN Sec
Page 38 and 39: - The United States has sole jurisd
Page 40 and 41: uses to track terrorists. Algerian
Page 42 and 43: sum, in exchange for terminating th
Page 44 and 45: UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 50 and 51: the continent. To help African coun
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 56 and 57: 100,000 students from almost every
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73: depletion. In South Africa, output
Page 74 and 75:
25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
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Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
Page 78 and 79:
The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
Page 80 and 81:
ites and Miocene sediments extendin
Page 82 and 83:
South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
Page 84 and 85:
of competitiveness by similar produ
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tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89:
The concept of resource efficiency
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vately owned. The leading enterpris
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In this respect African and Russian
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Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
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will allow the project to overcome
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World prices on all types of minera
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2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
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Soviet organizations supplied Alger
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that the gas crisis between Russia
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The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
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The agreement was finally signed du
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pany “Slavneft” would join a co
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DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
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for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
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licenses. They are the only Russian
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that the main aims were inter-alia
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Agency to develop plans for up to 4
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pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
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deposit also contains a Peridotite-
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and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
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Russian economy and the specifics o
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34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
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CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
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copra, spices, other products of tr
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This theoretic and scientific aura
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and technical cooperation with Afri
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higher and specialized secondary ed
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used and repaid part of the credit.
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exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
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At the same time we recognize that
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For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
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disappeared together with their ass
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cial Representative of the Presiden
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countries and minimize the adverse
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The principled line in support of A
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Exports of Russian raw materials to
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of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
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etc. He also remarked that since th
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However, there are harbingers of a
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There was a good demand in Egypt fo
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Another promising sphere for Russia
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Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
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All these companies have permanent
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ment of the Russian Federation 105
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As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
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cooperation and hydrocarbon product
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tion." The participants in the Raba
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2009 consisted of such traditional
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From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
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(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
Page 188 and 189:
Russia provided humanitarian aid to
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Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
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supplies only it is either a blatan
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On the initiative of the Ethiopian
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- Automotive and components - Capit
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led by the two Chambers and attende
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coal mixture of a new generation. T
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cial architecture and food safety a
Page 204 and 205:
The talks in Luanda led the two cou
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9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
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CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
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interpretations is the intensifying
Page 212:
Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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