L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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Table 1.1.3. World cobalt production and reserves 2008–2009 World total (rounded) including: Mine production 2008 2009 Reserves 75,900 62,000 6,600,000 United States – – 33,000 Australia 6,100 6,300 1,500,000 Brazil 1,200 1,000 29,000 Canada 8,600 5,000 120,000 China 6,000 6,200 72,000 DR Congo (Kinshasa) 31,000 25,000 3,400,000 Cuba 3,200 3,500 500,000 Morocco 1,700 1,600 20,000 New Caledonia 1,600 1,300 230,000 Russia 6,200 6,200 250,000 Zambia 6,900 2,500 270,000 Other countries 3,400 3,200 180,000 Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2010. P. 46. China is regarded by the West as the main global competitor for this type of mineral resources. African cobalt resources are the starting point for the continued global competition between the old and new economic powers in the world. The competitions is acute at four levels: a) for cobalt ores imported from the African continent, b) for cobalt containing materials for recycling, c) on metallic cobalt international markets, d) on the value added cobalt containing products markets. The main contemporary uses of cobalt in the world include production of rechargeable batteries; superalloys and wear resistant alloys to produce to provide superior thermal, corrosion and wear resistance to a wide range of alloys developed for applications in e.g. jet engines, all types of turbines, space vehicles, certain parts of motors, chemical equipment, etc; hardmetals (as a powerful binder for the manufacture of carbide and diamond tools); catalysts, magnetic alloys and other. 21
Unlike nickel and chromium, for which there are some other substitutes, cobalt has no substitute in great many productions (including the manufacture of jet engines). The USA used nearly 70 percent of African cobalt in such productions. According to military strategic documents, the USA rules out losing DRC as its source of cobalt supplies. U.S. special agencies constantly monitor the situation in the region in order to keep the political developments under control. A national human intelligence collection directive National HUMINT Collection Directive (NHCD) on African Great Lakes (paragraph 3 – end) as well as a request for continued Department of State reporting of biographic information relating to DRC, Burundi, and Rwanda calls for highly detailed and personal information on figures at top levels of society in Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. It asks for details on military facilities, such as airfields and army camps, and on military equipment, including numbers, operational status and procurement/refurbishment activity. In relation to Mineral Resources the following information is of particular importance: – Details on mining of diamonds, copper, cobalt, uranium, other minerals, and oil extraction: number and location of mines, production statistics and revenue generated, and extent of control given to China and other foreign governments, companies or consortiums; export statistics. – Details on mineral, oil and other resource exploitation by rebel groups and foreign elements to include type and location of resources exploited, and revenue generated through sales, customs duties, taxation, and access control. Africa’s and Russia’s roles as producers of cobalt containing ores will increase in the first quarter of the 21st century due to the increased demand from Asian consumers and the growth of chemical applications. This means that the competition for the primary African sources of the raw material will become fiercer. There's a similar situation with regard to manganese. Like the two mineral resources described above, manganese cannot be substituted for anything in steel production. On our planet, manganese deposits are not particularly rare. They occur both on land and off- 22
Page 1 and 2: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
Page 3 and 4: 330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
Page 12 and 13: cations, including monographs 1 and
Page 14 and 15: arena by the loftiest goals and ide
Page 16 and 17: quence, their role in the world eco
Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
Page 24 and 25: shore in many parts of the world. L
Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
Page 32 and 33: a European-African energy forum; th
Page 34 and 35: upon the same ideology: the new roa
Page 36 and 37: Force. At the request of the UN Sec
Page 38 and 39: - The United States has sole jurisd
Page 40 and 41: uses to track terrorists. Algerian
Page 42 and 43: sum, in exchange for terminating th
Page 44 and 45: UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 50 and 51: the continent. To help African coun
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 56 and 57: 100,000 students from almost every
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73:
depletion. In South Africa, output
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25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
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Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
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The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
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ites and Miocene sediments extendin
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South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
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of competitiveness by similar produ
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tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89:
The concept of resource efficiency
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vately owned. The leading enterpris
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In this respect African and Russian
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Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
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will allow the project to overcome
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World prices on all types of minera
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2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
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Soviet organizations supplied Alger
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that the gas crisis between Russia
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The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
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The agreement was finally signed du
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pany “Slavneft” would join a co
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DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
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for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
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licenses. They are the only Russian
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that the main aims were inter-alia
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Agency to develop plans for up to 4
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pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
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deposit also contains a Peridotite-
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and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
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Russian economy and the specifics o
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34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
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CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
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copra, spices, other products of tr
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This theoretic and scientific aura
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and technical cooperation with Afri
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higher and specialized secondary ed
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used and repaid part of the credit.
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exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
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At the same time we recognize that
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For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
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disappeared together with their ass
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cial Representative of the Presiden
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countries and minimize the adverse
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The principled line in support of A
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Exports of Russian raw materials to
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of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
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etc. He also remarked that since th
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However, there are harbingers of a
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There was a good demand in Egypt fo
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Another promising sphere for Russia
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Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
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All these companies have permanent
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ment of the Russian Federation 105
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As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
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cooperation and hydrocarbon product
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tion." The participants in the Raba
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2009 consisted of such traditional
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From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
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(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
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Russia provided humanitarian aid to
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Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
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supplies only it is either a blatan
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On the initiative of the Ethiopian
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- Automotive and components - Capit
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led by the two Chambers and attende
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coal mixture of a new generation. T
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cial architecture and food safety a
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The talks in Luanda led the two cou
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9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
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CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
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interpretations is the intensifying
Page 212:
Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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